- Title
- Dietary antioxidants and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study
- Creator
- Tan, Jennifer S. L.; Wang, Jie Jin; Flood, Victoria; Rochtchina, Elena; Smith, Wayne; Mitchell, Paul
- Relation
- Ophthalmology Vol. 115, Issue 2, p. 334-341
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.03.083
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2008
- Description
- Purpose: To assess the relationship between baseline dietary and supplement intakes of antioxidants and the long-term risk of incident age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design: Australian population-based cohort study. Participants: Of 3654 baseline (1992-1994) participants initially 49 years of older, 2454 were reexamined after 5 years, 10 years, or both. Methods: Stereoscopic retinal photographs were graded using the Wisconsin Grading System. Data on potential risk factors were collected. Energy-adjusted intakes of α-carotene; β-carotene; β-cryptoxanthin; lutein and zeaxanthin; lycopene; vitamins A, C, and E; and iron and zinc were the study factors. Discrete logistic models assessed AMD risk. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, and other risk factors. Main Outcome Measures: Incident early, late, and any AMD. Results: For dietary lutein and zeaxanthin, participants in the top tertile of intake had a reduced risk of incident neovascular AMD (RR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.13-0.92), and those with above median intakes had a reduced risk of indistinct soft or reticular drusen (RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.48-0.92). For total zinc intake the RR comparing the top decile intake with the remaining population was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.32-0.97) for any AMD and 0.54 (95% CI, 0.30-0.97) for early AMD. The highest compared with the lowest tertile of total β-carotene intake predicted incident neovascular AMD (RR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.03-6.96; P = 0.029, for trend). Similarly, β-carotene intake from diet alone predicted neovascular AMD (RR comparing tertile 3 with tertile 1, 2.40; 95% CI, 0.98-5.91; P = 0.027, for trend). This association was evident in both ever and never smokers. Higher intakes of total vitamin E predicted late AMD (RR compared with the lowest tertile, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.28-6.23; and RR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.14-5.70 for the middle and highest tertiles, respectively; P = 0.22, for trend). Conclusions: In this population-based cohort study, higher dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake reduced the risk of long-term incident AMD. This study confirmed the Age-Related Eye Disease Study finding of protective influences from zinc against AMD. Higher β-carotene intake was associated with an increased risk of AMD.
- Subject
- nutrition examination survey; randomized controlled-trial; vitamin-E supplementation; beta-carotene; alpha-tocopherol; national health; grading system; zinc intake; oral zinc; maculopathy
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/41305
- Identifier
- uon:4724
- Identifier
- ISSN:0161-6420
- Language
- eng
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