- Title
- Enhanced Recovery of Nonextractable Benzo[a]pyrene Residues in Contrasting Soils Using Exhaustive Methanolic and Nonmethanolic Alkaline Treatments
- Creator
- Umeh, Anthony C.; Duan, Luchun; Naidu, Ravi; Semple, Kirk T.
- Relation
- Analytical Chemistry Vol. 90, Issue 21, p. 13104-13111
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04440
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2018
- Description
- The fate, impacts, and significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) nonextractable residues (NERs) in soils remain largely unexplored in risk-based contaminated land management. In this study, seven different methanolic and nonmethanolic alkaline treatments, and the conventional methanolic saponification, were used to extract benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) NERs that had been aged for 180 d from four contrasting soils. Up to 16% and 55% of the amount of B[a]P spiked (50 mg/kg) into soils was nonextractable after 2 d and 180 of aging, respectively, indicating rapid and progressive B[a]P sequestration in soils over time. The recovery of B[a]P from soils after 180 d of aging was increased by up to 48% by the seven different alkaline extractions, although the extraction efficiencies of the different alkaline treatments did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Approximately 40% of B[a]P NERs in the sandy-clay-loam organic matter-rich soil was recovered by the exhaustive alkaline extractions after 180 d of aging, compared to only 10% using conventional methanolic saponification. However, the amounts of B[a]P NERs recovered depend on soil properties and the amounts of NERs in soils. A significant correlation (R2 = 0.69, p < 0.001) was also observed between the amounts of B[a]P recovered by each of the seven alkaline extractions in the contrasting soils and corresponding NERs at 180 d of aging, indicating a potential association warranting further investigations. Extraction techniques that estimate the amounts of PAH NERs recoverable in soil can help give a better understanding of the fate of NERs in soil.
- Subject
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH); nonextractable residues (NERs); soils; alkaline treatments; benzo[a]pyrene residues
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1453061
- Identifier
- uon:44583
- Identifier
- ISSN:0003-2700
- Language
- eng
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