http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/services/Feed ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12908 The central μ opiate agonist, fentanyl, causes a neurogenically mediated systemic vascoconstriction in both rabbit and man. The human coronary circulation may participate in this response, since myocardial ischaemia (ST segment depression on ECG) has been reported during fentanyl anaesthesia by Thomson et al. in a group of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. In dogs, fentanyl causes haemodynamic changes which are blocked by i.v. naloxone; there is also concommitant coronary vascoconstriction, which is prevented by prior infusion of alpha-adrenoceptor agents. In this study, central nervous opiate receptor stimulation effects on the gain of baroreflex control of coronary conductance, were examined in conscious dogs in experimental complete heart block and with ventricles paced; atrial rate was free to vary naturally. Circumflex flow was measured by Doppler flowmeter. Aortic pressure was raised by inflating a balloon in the descending thoracic aorta. 2013-05-20T06:40:35.103Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12804 Alcibiades is, at once, an historical figure and an archetypal individual. Also, in an anthropological sense and in terms of traditions of thought, Alcibiades is a truly remarkable, individuated moment in history. Alcibiades the historical personage and philosophical character-as-actor has become a source for historical and philosophical memories, that is, a human gathering place, a focus, reference and a trans-historical persona for the passages of history and intellect - a place where singular and collective human actions and behaviours matter and where particular and general social forces remain; contentiously in play. With the classical world of the Athenian empire immediately behind the philosophical stage and dramatically present in the foreground of the Alcibiades I, and with the Spartan world still presenting intellectual and social puzzles, who better than the exiled, prodigal Athenian son, Alcibiades and Socrates to discuss the deep waters -the social anthropology of a once-real world and its strikingly individuated conduct. Significantly, these modes of human conduct must be clearly seen as situated within the broad agonistic context of Hellenic and Mediterr!ilnean civilisations. These 'particular' and 'general' ideas and arguments are swept by Mediterranean scenes and characters. 2013-04-26T00:58:36.323Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12790 We consider the problem of decomposing an integer matrix into a positively weighted sum of binary matrices that have the consecutive-ones property. This problem is well-known and of practical relevance. It has an important application in cancer radiation therapy treatment planning: the sequencing of multileaf collimators to deliver a given radiation intensity matrix, representing (a component of) the treatment plan. Two criteria characterise the efficacy of a decomposition: the beamon time (length of time the radiation source is switched on during the treatment), and the cardinality (the number of machine set-ups required to deliver the planned treatment). Minimising the former is known to be easy. However finding a decomposition of minimal cardinality is NP-hard. Progress so far has largely been restricted to heuristic algorithms, mostly using linear programming, integer programming and combinatorial enumerative methods as the solving technologies. We present a novel model, with corresponding constraint programming and integer programming formulations. We compare these computationally with previous formulations, and we show that constraint programming performs very well by comparison. 2013-04-19T04:17:31.519Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12788 Examination timetabling is a well-studied combinatorial optimization problem. We present a new hybrid algorithm for examination timetabling, consisting of three phases: a constraint programming phase to develop an initial solution, a simulated annealing phase to improve the quality of solution, and a hill climbing phase for further improvement. The examination timetabling problem at the University of Melbourne is introduced, and the hybrid method is proved to be superior to the current method employed by the University. Finally, the hybrid method is compared to established methods on the publicly available data sets, and found to perform well in comparison. 2013-04-19T04:13:32.388Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12717 Coal remains the most important energy source for power generation, providing 37% of the world's electricity. As the global population grows, and as living standards improve in the developing world, an international demand for energy is increasing at a rapid rate. Coal is still the most abundant, widely distributed, safe, and economical fossil fuel available to meet this escalating energy demand. 2013-04-19T00:06:25.024Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:8587 Biomedical Implants require a clean and medically safe source of energy to perform their operations. Early implants such as pacemakers sourced their power from small lithium ion batteries. While this solution allows for the operation of the implantable device without a wire connecting the internal and external circuitry, limited battery life causes the impracticality, health risks and expense of operating on patients for the mere purpose of replacing the battery. The use of wireless power technology in implantable devices led to a more flexible range of applications which were not otherwise possible. 2013-04-15T02:29:10.730Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:2928 Australia is a generally dry continent that experiences highly variable rainfall. Since colonisation urban settlements have been regularly subjected to droughts, floods and water shortages. Rapid population growth with subsequent economic growth in industry and commerce resulted in dramatic increases in demand for water. The traditional approach to urban water supply largely focused on developing external water sources to meet growing water demands. Concurrently, urban stormwater and wastewater infrastructure is designed on a philosophy of rapid conveyance to receiving environments with reliance on "dilution" in those waters to assimilate wastes. These concepts have limited the capacity of upstream environments to meet urban water demand and of receiving environments to assimilate contaminant loads. As shown in this chapter, the 'big pipe' and 'end of pipe' solutions to water management are gradually being replaced by new integrated water cycle management approaches that aim to be more sustainable and may include small scale and decentralised infrastructure for managing the urban water streams. This chapter discusses the potential for utilising roofwater, stormwater, greywater and treated wastewater to improve management of the urban water cycle. 2013-04-15T01:26:06.305Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12744 Questions concerning the power of central nervous factors to significantly regulate coronary conductance receive new impetus each time a patient presents with unexplained chest pain. A familiar story is that of Mrs. V. C., who has bouts of crushing central chest pain at inappropriate times, as well as reproducible progressive and diagnostic ST segment depression on her electrocardiogram without pain during exercise to exhaustion, while having a normal coronary arteriogram and thallium scan. Such clinical observations suggest that some inherent mismatch during exercise can exist between neurohumoral vasconstrictor and local vasodilator factors. Furthermore, although the effects on coronary conductance of conventional experimental stimuli (i.e., those affecting arterial baro- and chemoreceptors) and of cardiac and pulmonary receptors have been investigated, the effects of direct central nervous influences (e.g., emotion) remain largely unknown. Moreover, how the gain of peripheral reflex changes in coronary conductance may be altered by central influences is also unknown. The studies summarized in this chapter were undertaken to investigate the possibility that central nervous μ-opioid agonists such as fentanyl, and monoamines such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), can alter vagal vasodilator and sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanisms in the coronary circulation at rest and during reflex disturbances. Further justification for such studies comes from data showing that humans and other mammals have a distribution of opiate receptors and serotonin-synthesizing neurons concentrated in and around structures known to be part of cardiorespiratory reflex pathways. Questions concerning the power of central nervous factors to significantly regulate coronary conductance receive new impetus each time a patient presents with unexplained chest pain. A familiar story is that of Mrs. V. C., who has bouts of crushing central chest pain at inappropriate times, as well as reproducible progressive and diagnostic ST segment depression on her electrocardiogram without pain during exercise to exhaustion, while having a normal coronary arteriogram and thallium scan. Such clinical observations suggest that some inherent mismatch during exercise can exist between neurohumoral vasconstrictor and local vasodilator factors. Furthermore, although the effects on coronary conductance of conventional experimental stimuli (i.e., those affecting arterial baro- and chemoreceptors) and of cardiac and pulmonary receptors have been investigated, the effects of direct central nervous influences (e.g., emotion) remain largely unknown. Moreover, how the gain of peripheral reflex changes in coronary conductance may be altered by central influences is also unknown. The studies summarized in this chapter were undertaken to investigate the possibility that central nervous μ-opioid agonists such as fentanyl, and monoamines such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), can alter vagal vasodilator and sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanisms in the coronary circulation at rest and during reflex disturbances. Further justification for such studies comes from data showing that humans and other mammals have a distribution of opiate receptors and serotonin-synthesizing neurons concentrated in and around structures known to be part of cardiorespiratory reflex pathways. 2013-04-08T04:53:03.464Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12714 Compared to the figures for 1965 to 1967, there has been a 40% decline in mortality due to ischemic heart disease for each sex and for all age groups in Australia and the United States, an event that has focused attention on the mechanisms of the phenomenon. A similar time course of decline in mortality for cerebrovascular disease in these countries has also been noted. Nevertheless, cardiovascular disease remains by far the greatest killer in both countries, and in Australia the mortality rate for cerebrovascular disease is 40% to 55% greater than and the prevalence of hypertension is double that found in the United States. To date, we still do not know whether the declining mortality is due to better patient management or to the subtle effects of changing community behavior. Nevertheless, the question continues to be raised as to whether attacking the "weaker" risk factor of lack of physical activity can in itself modify such risk factors as hypertension and thereby reduce cardiovascular mortality. 2013-03-27T01:19:29.921Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12707 Whether the olympic Games will survive the onslaught of drug abuse which continues to taint them has come to constitute a major issue within the world of sport, making the future and social value of sport itself, uncertain. 2013-03-26T22:20:25.171Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12706 The general thrust of this book discusses the ancient conundrum of whether athletes should take drugs, why do they take them, and what detrimental effects on health do they risk in the pursuit of a winning edge. In this context the act of taking performance-boosting aids raises other issues. What is fair and unfair play? If an athlete has an inherent health defect, what actions are permissible to allow him/her to compete from an equal psychological and physiological base? 2013-03-26T21:53:55.818Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12659 Surgical patients confront surgeons with a variety of body temperatures. Since man is a homotherm with a remarkable capacity to maintain the rectal temperature at 37.6±0.6°C, deviations from these values suggest problems of temperature regulation which may have important diagnostic and management implications. Temperature regulation is mainly a function of neural control, and in view of the rate of change in our understanding of neural control systems and their component parts, this section summarizes current views of temperature control. Reference will also be made to problems of anaesthesia, shock and fever, and how these common stresses affect thermoregulation. 2013-03-21T01:13:02.192Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12656 The concept of "coronary spasm" is not new. Sir William Osler in the 1910 Lumelian Lectures stated that spasm results in cardiac dysfunction and was a cause of angina pectoris. In 1959 Prinzmetal described variant angina and coronary spasm was postulated as a pathophysiological entity. Coronary resistance to blood flow, or its reciprocal, conductance, is the net effect at any one time of the mechanical effects of cardiac contraction, of reflex and metabolic activity, and of strong myogenic control. 2013-03-21T00:26:07.447Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12649 Mean–variance optimization of a single portfolio, as introduced by Markowitz, is well studied and well understood. Its influence can be found in many branches of the quantitative finance community. Advances in mathematical programming techniques have not only allowed for the fast and reliable solution of large-scale mean–variance optimization problems, but have also allowed for the incorporation of many relevant business considerations, such as limits on the number of names, threshold position levels, and even long/short ratios. As a result, several commercial software vendors now provide asset management solutions based on mean–variance optimization. 2013-03-19T04:06:41.297Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11213 With the rapid advancements of wireless communication and semiconductor technologies the area of sensor network has grown significantly supporting a range of applications including medical and healthcare systems. A Wireless Body Area Network is a special purpose sensor network designed to operate autonomously to connect various medical sensors and appliances, located inside and outside of a human body. Introduction of a WBAN for medical monitoring and other applications will offer flexibilities and cost saving options to both health care professionals and patients. A WBAN system can offer two significant advantages compared to current electronic patient monitoring systems. The first advantage is the mobility of patients due to use of portable monitoring devices. Second advantage is the location independent monitoring facility. A WBAN node being an autonomous device can search and find a suitable communication network to transmit data to a remote database server for storage. It is also possible that a WBAN will connect it self to the internet to transmit data in a non-invasive manner. 2013-03-12T03:13:20.454Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12623 This chapter discusses the development of a short range acoustic communication channel model and its properties for the design and evaluation of MAC (Medium Access Control) and routing protocols, to support network enabled Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV). The growth of underwater operations has required data communication between various heterogeneous underwater and surface based communication nodes. AUVs are one such node, however, in the future, AUV’s will be expected to be deployed in a swarm fashion operating as an ad-hoc sensor network. In this case, the swarm network itself will be developed with homogeneous nodes, that is each being identical, as shown in Figure 1, with the swarm network then interfacing with other fixed underwater communication nodes. The focus of this chapter is on the reliable data communication between AUVs that is essential to exploit the collective behaviour of a swarm network. 2013-03-12T02:47:06.975Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:6742 We study a networked control architecture where wireless sensors are used to measure and transmit plant outputs to a remote controller. Packet loss probabilities depend upon the time-varying communication channel gains and the transmission powers of the sensors. Within this context, we develop a centralized stochastic nonlinear model predictive controller. It determines the sensor power levels by trading energy expenditure for expected plant state variance. To further preserve sensor energies, the power controller sends coarsely quantized power increment commands only when necessary. Simulations on measured channel data illustrate the performance achieved by the proposed controller. 2013-03-11T00:48:10.321Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:6741 This paper describes a novel technique for scenario generation aimed at closed loop stochastic nonlinear model predictive control. The key ingredient in the algorithm is the use of vector quantization methods. We also show how one can impose a tree structure on the resulting scenarios. Finally, we briefly describe how the scenarios can be used in large scale stochastic nonlinear model predictive control problems and we illustrate by a specific problem related to optimal mine planning. 2013-03-11T00:48:10.186Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:5824 The second volume of Ezechielem Explanationes by Juan Battista Villalpando, published in 1604, contains a re-creation of the Temple of Solomon illustrated by a portfolio of exceptionally detailed architectural drawings. His designs were built on the principles of Platonic musical harmonies and his interpretation of ancient measurements. Villalpando envisaged the temple as a building encapsulating the entire formal grammar of classical architecture. Villalpando's architecture, harmonic proportions and measurements appear to be a flawless system and his design exerted an extraordinary influence on the architects and historians of architecture in Europe for at least the next two centuries. His reconstruction inspired not only other commentaries and other reconstructions of Solomon's Temple, but it also stimulated discussion on the very origins of architecture. However, his reconstruction was not without its critics. In the seventeenth and eighteen centuries critics included Louis Cappel, Samuel Lee, Louis Compiègne de Veil, Nicolaus Goldmann and others who produced alternative reconstructions of Solomon's Temple. In the twentieth century criticism from what appears to be an unusual source was uncovered. In Sir Isaac Newton's unpublished manuscripts he claimed that although Villalpando had created the best of the reconstructions of the Temple of Solomon, the reconstruction had many problems. 2013-03-11T00:41:47.589Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:8467 The single most important event that has molded changes to welfare policy across the developed Western world in the so-called post-industrial nation state is the advent of computer technology and the World Wide Web in what has been dubbed the information age or knowledge-based society. This technology enables policy researchers to search the Internet for clues as to what is being done elsewhere and morph together policies with bits from everywhere as they see fit. Australia is no exception, and while historically it evolved a unique welfare system, in contemporary times, it increasingly bears the hallmarks of policy development in the United States and the United Kingdom, with whom it most identifies. For the most part, however, even in the face of economic globalization, welfare policy remains the province of nation-states, albeit influenced by international conventions and human rights charters. We believe that claims that globalized capitalism has reduced the nation-state’s control of its territorial boundaries are overzealous. 2013-03-06T02:10:06.975Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11363 This chapter describes a values education project which formed part of a major intervention research study aimed at crime reduction in schools in Durban, South Africa. Written from a social work perspective, where values education mainly concerns professional training and clinical practice, it shows how attempts were made to integrate values education in three disadvantaged schools over a range of interventions relating to HIV and AIDS education, gender relationships, discrimination and racism, and the promotion of cross-cultural understanding. Rather than ‘values education’ as an add-on, it argues for values education to be integrated into all areas of school life from teacher education, through to educational content and behaviour management, as well as parent involvement and policy making. Furthermore, it argues that this is best achieved through interdisciplinary collaboration in research and practice, particularly in the promotion of practical, useful knowledge which directly addresses concrete social problems and enables teachers to address ‘values issues’ as they arise in the classroom, on the playground or in the broader community. 2013-03-06T01:53:20.182Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12416 The material we review focuses on the teaching of proof, in the light of the empirical and deductive aspects of mathematics. There is emphasis on the role of technology, not just as a pragmatic tool but also as a shaper of concepts. Technology is taken to include ancient as well as modern tools with their uses and users. Examples, both from teaching studies and historical, are presented and analysed. Language is introduced enabling elucidation of mutual relations between tool-use, human reasoning and formal proof. The article concludes by attempting to situate the material in a more general psychological theory. 2013-01-14T04:40:09.132Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:10661 Descriptions of journalistic practice have long been compartmentalized by the media forms in which news output is published. Broad distinctions are often made between print and broadcast journalism, or magazine, newspaper, radio, or TV reporters. Recent variants include references to online or Web journalism, or to newer publication forms such as blogging, micro-blogging (‘tweeting’) and video and audio podcasting. Journalism is also differentiated by the technological means by which it is produced, such as with the solo video journalist (‘VJ’) equipped with a compact video camera, or the photojournalist now able to publish digital images straight to our screens via the Internet. The past decade has seen the diffusion of terms such as ‘backpack journalism’ to describe how a solo journalist equipped with a laptop computer, digital camera and satellite uplink can report across a variety of media from almost anywhere in the world. Another emerging form is that now described as ‘mobile journalism’ (‘MoJo’). The term has been loosely applied to describe a journalistic practice based on reporters equipped with highly portable multimedia newsgathering equipment, including both consumer and professional devices. This chapter examines a more specific form of mobile journalism based on the rapid convergence of handheld and wireless computing, digital photography and mobile telephony. Attention is now turning to the newsgathering potential of highly compact – even pocket-sized -­ digital field reporting kits based upon mobile phones and tablet devices. 2013-01-03T03:12:04.221Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:2489 2012-12-10T21:50:05.667Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12154 An investigation of how consumers in England decide what to purchase in the context of debates about sustainable and ethical food production (Eden, Bear, and Walker 2008), a study of the environmental problems poor communities face and the interventions they develop in a low-income city in Ghana (Osumanu 2007), and an exploration of the experiences of Filipina domestic workers in Canada (Pratt 2002) - all are examples of research projects that employ focus groups to disentangle the complex web of relations and processes, meaning and representation, that comprise the social world. With the shift to more nuanced explorations of people-place relationships in geography, the focus group method has been increasingly recognized as a valuable research tool. Focus groups can be exhilarating and exciting, with people responding to the ideas and viewpoints expressed by others and introducing you, the researcher, and other group members to new ways of thinking about an issue or topic. This chapter discusses the diverse research potential of focus groups in geography, outlines key issues to consider when planning and conducting successful focus groups, and offers strategies for analyzing and presenting results. 2012-12-02T22:24:28.072Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11828 As the middle classes emerged in western industrialised societies, so too did the tourist industry, driven by classes of people who could afford a little leisure time to travel, to briefly escape their everyday habits, and to indulge their curiosity for sensations, sights and spectacles. The circus and the zoo are examples of such attractions. Historically, they share many similarities and have tended to reinforce the rhetoric of colonialsim. Popular entertainments such as performing animal shows have persisted well into the 21st century and looking at animals has remained a central pastime within contemporary leisure and tourism activities. Such popularity began to decline during the 20th century however, partly as a result of ethical concerns. Yet while the the circus has changed, performing animals have retained a high profile in different contexts. 2012-10-30T00:35:16.034Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:10863 The rising popularity of Web 2.0 applications has seen an increase in the volume of user-generated content. Web Applications allow users to define policies that specify how they wish their content to be accessed. In large Web 2.0 applica- tions these policies can become quite complex, with users having to make decisions such as ’who can access my image library?’, or ’should my mobile number be made available to 3rd party agencies?’. As the policy size grows, the ability for every- day users to comprehend and manage their policy diminishes. This paper presents a model of policy configuration that harnesses the power of the Internet community by presenting average-sets of policy configuration. These policy ”profiles” allow users to select a default set of policy values that line up with the average case, as presented by the application population. Policies can be promoted at an application level or at a group level. An XML approach is presented for representing the policy profiles. The approach allows for easy profile comparison and merging. A storage mecha- nism is also presented that describes how these policies should be made persistent in a distributed data storage system. 2012-09-18T02:36:45.427Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11502 Despite Dylan Thomas's reportedly rumbustious life, unlike many other authors, D.H. Lawrence, for instance, he had little in the way of reported contact with law and the legal system. Indeed, what remains is in the shape of posthumous litigation regarding his estate, such might have been expected and that view is certainly corroborated by the decision of Plowman J. in the Chancery Division of the Supreme Court in Thomas v. Times Book Co, which involved an action brought by the administratrix of the estate of Dylan Thomas to recover the original manuscript of "Under Milk Wood". 2012-09-10T23:54:31.031Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11500 Since the nineteenth century Arrian has been consistently perceived as "the best" and the "most reliable" of all our extant Alexander sources; among modern scholars only Georges Radet openly preferred the so-called Alexander vulgate (Diodorus Siculus, Quintus Curtius, and Justin's summary of Pompeius Trogus. Arrian's high estimation in modern opinion has rested largely on his choice of eyewitness sources and his understanding of military and engineering logistics. But does his history deserve its reputation? 2012-09-10T23:39:57.527Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11498 Few communication challenges are as difficult for healthcare providers as talking with patients about adverse events, especially when the adverse event was due to a medical error. Ethicists and professional organizations have long endorsed open communication with patients about adverse events and errors in their care. Recently, however, there has been a substantial increase in attention being paid to transparent communication with patients. Many countries, including Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada have undertaken major disclosure initiatives. The Joint Commission, the body responsible for the accreditation of most US healthcare facilities, now requires that patients be informed of all outcomes in their care, including 'unanticipated outcomes'. Yet there is increasing evidence of a significant gap between expectations for open communication with patients and actual clinical practice. Several studies in a variety of countries suggest that less than one-third of adverse events due to errors are disclosed to patients. Other research suggests that when these conversations do take place, they often fall short of meeting patient expectations. Healthcare workers endorse the general concept of disclosure, but struggle with how to turn this principle into practice, especially when it comes to choosing their words when talking with patients about adverse events. Significant fear persists among both healthcare workers and institutions that more open disclosure of adverse events and errors could increase the likelihood of a medical malpractice suit being filed. Communication dilemmas associated with disclosure of adverse events and errors to patients exist at multiple levels, ranging from the individual patient-provider encounter, to issues of national health policy. In this chapter, we will consider what is currently known about patients' and providers' attitudes and experiences with disclosure, explore the special aspects of disclosure in the oncology context, consider disclosure in an inter-professional context, discuss how healthcare institutions are responding to calls for greater transparency, what is known about the impact of disclosure on outcomes including litigation, and present some of the health policy challenges associated with disclosure. The chapter concludes by considering a disclosure case study, and discussing next steps for disclosure in oncology. 2012-09-10T05:00:05.551Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11477 Any given individual presents multiple possibilities for categorization. For example, a person may simultaneously be black, American, female, a doctor, a mother, and an athlete. Each category membership may provide a useful basis for categorization in that it can be used as a gtJide for one's own behavior toward the target and a standard against which their behavior can be interpreted. The questions of interest are (1) which categories become activated, and hence are used as a basis of categorization, and (2) what are the consequences of category activation. Initial interest in the issue of multiple categorization stemmed from anthropological observations of reduced conflict in cultures containing crossedsocietal structures. For example, intergroup conflict between villages was reduced when individuals in different villages shared family ancestry; in other words, individuals were simultaneously ingroup members on one dimension and outgroup members on another. Creating an analogous experimental intergroup situation, crossed-categorization researchers (e.g., Deschamps and Doise, 1978) have compared patterns of intergroup bias in situations involving a single categorization dimension (e.g., gender, called simple categorization conditions) and crossed conditions. In crossed conditions two categorization dimensions (e.g., race and gender) are orthogonally arrayed such that individuals can be classified according to four-subgroupings (e.g., black females, black males, white females, white males). The relationship between various individuals in crossed contexts differs, such that individuals either (1) share ingroup status on both categorization dimensions (i.e., double ingroups), (2) share ingroup status according to one dimension but not the other (i.e., partial outgroups), or (3) do not share ingroup status (i.e., douple outgroups). 2012-09-10T02:10:02.742Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11476 Seasonality is encoded in palaeoproxies of secondary cave mineral deposits (speleothems) and the code is becoming cracked. The petrology of calcite stalagmites from Obir, an Alpine (1100 m altitude), perennially wet cave, was characterized by optical and electron backscatter diffraction, and their chemistry by bulk ICP-MS analysis, ion microprobe and synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence. Vadose water penetrates 70 m through Triassic limestones (with some Pb–Zn mineralization) to the chamber Säulenhalle where the stalagmites were collected. Strong seasonal ventilation in the cave leads to low PCO₂ in winter associated with falls in speleothem sulphate S and increase in δ¹³C values. All samples display autumnal event lamination defined by a narrow, optically visible zone with increases in trace element concentrations, within which synchrotron studies have resolved μm-scale enrichments of Pb and Zn. Small-scale (10 µm) lateral trace element variations reflect alternate flat faces and rough crystal edges, influenced by high Zn content. The elemental covariations are consistent with the transport of Pb, Zn, P, F, Br and I adsorbed onto organic colloids in dripwater, but the final deposition may have been from aerosols and we propose this as a new mechanism requiring further investigation. This study represents the most complete demonstration of how chemical variations are powerful expressions of seasonal cave physiology in humid temperate caves, including the contrast between summer and winter conditions, and the preservation of sub-weekly events during the autumn season. 2012-09-10T01:20:02.674Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11310 In Chapter 2 of this book, Parker asks the question, ‘Can accounting survive such a high-volume, low-cost, lean, casualised higher education delivery model?’. This chapter argues that, yes it can, but not in the context of a traditional university. Private higher education providers, including professional accounting associations, may better fit the needs of future accounting education. The argument is deliberately provocative so as to encourage debate about the future place of business and accounting in higher education. If we imagine the university 10 years from now – a university without a business school or an accounting department – and look back to what caused this, we might better understand the importance of current dilemmas in shaping our future. In this future scenario, a few economists will remain, having reinvented themselves into experts in climate change, health or transport, and a few management or business academics may have returned to their original disciplines in sociology, psychology or statistics. However, the majority of business school academics, especially those from accounting and finance, will have retired or be employed with private higher education providers. Paradoxically, the demise of the business school will be caused by the same factors as its emergence – reliance on the market. Ultimately, market dependence creates a lesser role within the university and an inappropriate value proposition, which together serve to place the future of business and accounting education outside the university. The remainder of the chapter is structured around these three issues: market dependence; standing within the university; and the purpose of a business school. 2012-09-09T22:30:05.899Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11459 6-3. In itself, not a very remarkable score. The 6-3 defeat of England by Hungary on November 25th, 1953 at Wembley Stadium, however, was a very remarkable match. It wasn't remarkable just because the English side lost. Sure, England at the time was seen as the dominant power in international soccer. They had not been beaten by any side from outside of fhe British Isles since the turn of the century. But soccer teams can win or lose on any given day. What was remarkable was the way that they lost and the sea change in the game that the Hungarian team presaged. The Aranycsapat (Golden Team) was at the cutting edge of 1nnovation with their passing attacks, their pioneering 4-2-4 formation countering the English 'W-M', and the odd v-neck lightweight shirts and boots without ankles made them a strange sight for the English fans and players alike. Indeed, the running style of the Hungarian squad was such that in the 4-2-4 it was mostly the people without the ball who did all of the running! This was the first view of what would become the modern game. The tactics produced results. England managed a total of five shots on goal; Hungary countered with thirty-five. Ferenc Puskás later remarked that if the English keeper hadn't been so good, Hungary would have had twelve goals. And not just results: the Hungarians played with such style and flair that everyone revelled in the beauty they produced. At the end of the match, the stunned English fans applauded and cheered the Hungarian Aranycsapat off the pitch. 2012-09-04T03:15:10.967Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11458 The chapter reports on (and updates) a large-scale empirical mapping of autobiographical stories about Australian schooling (Southgate, 2003). The study sought to describe continuities and disjunctures in relations of power associated with schooling in Australia from the late 19th to the 21st century (for a similar enterprise on pedagogy see Gore, 1998). The analysis was based on stories of school from 289 people (storytellers) published in a range of sources including interviews, autobiographies, Internet sites, newspapers and school magazines. Stories covered schooling from 1870 to the present. Since the publication of the original study, I have continued to collect stories relating to the main relations of power or powerplays, described in stories of school life. Indeed, the Internet with its blogs and social networking sites has precipitated a publishing boom in school memories, and I draw on the tales of thirty extra storytellers to update the current analysis of experiences of punishment. This chapter merges theoretical interests in emotion, power and embodiment to map how authority and punishment arc enacted, and reacted to, in autobiographical stories of school that span generations. Mapping continuities in stories across generations is important because of what they say about school as an institution and the lifelong impacts of punishment on the souls of former students (Herman, Depaepe, Simon & Van Gorp, 2007). I begin this chapter by describing the theoretical tool of the powerplay. I then discuss the use of this tool to analyse how teacher authority operates to physically and emotionally isolate students. The significance of the teacher's voice and silence - its ability to yell, chastise, and confer sarcasm and insults - is explored in detail. The spatial distribution of student 'offender' in punishing powerplays is also taken up. The stories examined in this chapter illustrate that students are left with only a slight possibility (or no option) of resistance, disobedience or oppositional action (contrary to Foucault, 1984, p. 245). This is not to say resistance to punishment and teacher authority is never remembered (I have documented this elsewhere, see Southgate, 2003, pp. 58-80). It could even be true to say that by recounting these memories, the storytellers are engaged in an act of resistance years after the fact. The point of this chapter is to highlight how authority can create conditions where fear and shame blossom and that this immobilises students, with often lasting effects. 2012-09-04T03:14:42.560Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11457 In this chapter I examine the process of "making up" the healthy citizen during a time of widespread and sustained concern about the 'obesity epidemic'. With obesity now claimed to be affecting almost all of the world's population, and with dire predictions for health care capacity and costs, the healthy citizen and how it is constituted has taken on renewed importance as a problem for modern government. While the healthy citizen has been a notable part of sociological analyses of health, medicine and schooling for the last two decades, critical sociological work that specifically seeks to rethink the production of the healthy citizen in the discursive context of the obesity epidemic is only just beginning. Furthermore, the work, which docs exist, suggests a range of subde (and not so subde) changes in health promotion, and health education policy and practice in response to this supposedly unprecedented public health crisis. In general terms the analysis in this chapter contributes to understanding the production of the 'healthy citizen' in the context of heightened concern around body weight, wanning morality and spiralling health care expenditure. More specifically it focuses on Foucault's (1995) concept of disciplinary power and its role as a constitutive and productive force in the process of making up a certain type of healthy citizen. Understanding power as productive "generates questions of how power is exercised in the construction of knowledge about health" and turns our attention to the processes that position subjects as 'healthy' or 'unhealthy'. As such I consider how we have come to contemporary understandings of obesity and how these understandings work to produce obesity as a problem of government, which in turn requires intervention into people's lives. Using empirical examples from health promotion and school-based intervention, I suggest that disciplinary power remains absolutely essential to the production of the type of healthy citizen articulated in obesity-era health promotion and policy-though clearly in a manner that sees it tightly entwined with regulative power. I finish with a consideration of the limits of disciplinary power as government through ethics. 2012-09-04T03:14:30.742Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11456 Similar to other changes in business process and IT infrastructure, RFID deployment requires a business commitment, combined with a thorough analysis and planning. The whole process necessitates the production of documentation of the required or possible developments by the organization itself and the RFID consultants. This chapter discusses three phases of the RFID Rationale and Deployment Methodology; Section 7.2 Phase 1: Business Environment which examines the outlook the organization has in regard to business cases to produce the phase transition motivators (PTMs) of RFID deployment. Section 7.3 Phase 2: Infrastructure Environment investigates the physics and technical needs of RFID that must be understood along with the business case, to be enhanced or developed with a RFID enabled process. Section 7.4 Phase 3: Deployment Environment discusses the prototype testing and pilot steps; and finally Section 7.5 the conclusion. The Working Case Study will be continually explained in relation to each process in the methodology. Throughout the chapter data acquisition requirements, system integration or system development, and possible business enhancements for RFID deployment will be appraised to vary degrees. 2012-09-04T03:14:17.932Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11455 Recent reports on nurse education and health workforce planning in Australia have pointed to difficulties faced by new graduate nurses in adjusting to the demands of work, and recruitment and retention problems in the nursing workforce. These problems appear to be global, affecting different disciplines and some areas of health and social care more than others. Reducing attrition in the first few years after completing university is an important step towards retaining registered nurses in areas of health and social care that struggles to attract new graduates (Holmes, 2006; Mental Health Nurse Education Taskforce, 2008). One way of supporting new graduates is through the provision of structured mentorship programmes. The broad purpose of such programmes is to improve care and to enable the health and social care workforce to establish, maintain and promote standards and innovations in practice in the interests of consumers. Whilst this chapter reports on the main findings of a: study of group mentorship for new graduate nurses working in one mental health service in New South Wales, Australia, the underlying principles could be applied to differing groups of health and social care professionals. 2012-09-04T03:14:04.251Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11454 One of the early hopes for the Internet was that it would erase social differences of race, class, and gender, which were seemingly invisible in the online world. These utopian dreams have not been realized, but women are using the Internet to resist sexism and empower themselves by occupying spaces that are problematic in a face-to-face environment. This is evident in online fandom. Focusing mainly on fans of the Australian band Augie March, the author studies how women and girls in online spaces have a breadth of experience of fandom that was much harder to achieve without online communication. 2012-09-04T03:13:49.144Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11453 The Southeast Australian continental margin extends for 1,500 km northward from Bass Strait to the Great Barrier Reef. Mass transport dominates the continental slope, which stretches from the shelf break around 150 m depth to the abyssal plain around 4,500 m depth. The continental slope has average slopes of 2.8–8.5° and extends seaward from the shelf break an average distance of 50 km. Margin structure results from Late Cretaceous rifting, producing exposed fault blocks and igneous complexes on the lower slope, and an overlying sediment wedge around 0.5 km thick, centered at the shelf break. Recent collection of multibeam echosounding and high-resolution seismic data provide a detailed view of mass-transport features over a 900 km length of the margin. The features are mostly slab slides, box canyons, and linear canyons. They are ubiquitous along the steep rifted margin, but absent in regions of gentler slopes such as submarine plateaus and failed rift arms. Submarine landslides range in scale from hundreds of small slides of <0.5 km³ volume, up to the largest documented slide of 20 km³. However, potential future slide masses of basement blocks up to 105 km³ have been identified. Cores that penetrated the basal-slide surface show variable sediment accumulation, since the mass-movement event, but four penetrations show accumulations of <2 m, and one of <0.6 m. At current accumulation rates, these data indicate that many landslides occurred less than 25 ka, with some as recent as 6 ka. Mass movements appear to follow a pattern of box canyon development exploiting structural trends in pre-rift and syn-rift strata, until the canyon head intersects the toe of the Tertiary sediment wedge. Once this occurs, sediment creep, faulting and failure of the wedge toe migrates up slope, finally reaching the upper slope and Quaternary deltaic depocenters. 2012-09-04T03:13:25.628Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11452 In social work moral dilemmas are the rule rather than the exception. Social workers often agonize over moral dilemmas. Not only is the subject matter of social work ethics hard to grasp but, more importantly, the practical realities of reaching moral judgements are challenging and extremely complex. Learning about social work ethics requires not only high standards of scholarship but also makes demands on one's experiential and emotional resources. Social workers often have to choose to do either one thing or another. Because of the way practice and the organizational context are arranged, he or she cannot do both in relation to clients. Front-line practitioners face situations where there is often a moral conflict between what seems to be the right course of action. 2012-09-04T03:12:57.319Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11451 Social workers face especially hard moral choices. They are often caught between a rock and a hard place. There are situations in which, whatever they do, moral blame and guilt will result. Thus it seems that moral goodness is not always within the grasp of social workers. The problem of what is called moral 'dirty hands' always looms as a possibility with the realities of front-line practice. 'Dirty hands' are said to result when a social worker encounters a conflict of duties or values and must choose between alternatives, none of which is entirely satisfactory. In such cases social workers find themselves in situations where they can be morally sullied by doing what is morally permissible or even obligatory. 2012-09-04T03:12:40.534Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11450 Mainstream economists have recently discovered what heterodox economists have long known - that the study of psychology is useful in understanding human behavior and the success of socioeconomic policy. Many orthodox economists now accept that happiness exists, can be objectively measured, has important individual and social consequences and can be externally altered (Easterlin 1974; Kahneman 1999; Blanchflower and Oswald 2004; Layard 2005). The new research on well-being suggests that economics must now go beyond the nineteenth century psychological approach that characterizes neoclassical analysis, toward a more "Veblenian" or Humanistic approach to human psychology (Cordes 2005). The utilitarian (Benthamite) psychology that has dominated mainstream economic thought for the last century tries to explain and predict human behavior as the outcome of self interested action, which is manifest, ideally, in voluntary exchange. Yet, among other failures, this hedonistic psychology is largely incapable of explaining why economic growth has not improved well-being in the developed world; it sheds little light on the abundance paradox experienced in many rich countries today. The inability of economic growth to improve life satisfaction in the developed world is becoming increasing apparent. Given the social, psychological and environmental fallout of the last 50 years of economic growth, it is unclear whether "material abundance" in advanced nations is a reflection of social progress. Such questioning echoes the doubts of early socialist thinkers (such as Owen, Mill, Marx, and Keynes) that access to more goods will improve the human condition. Revealing the seamy side of growth, recent well-being research seriously questions whether the preponderant emphasis placed on production over the last 50 years has allowed individuals to "live wisely and agreeably well" (Keynes 1972). 2012-09-04T03:12:26.278Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11449 For almost a decade the development of ultra-fast, high-flux neutron diffractometers has largely exceeded the experimental requirements of most users. Fortunately, in recent years the unique capabilities of these instruments have become more widely recognised and they are being applied as a reliable means of kinetic analysis. When combined with PSDs capable of a wide angular range (5–160° 2θ) and very fine time-resolution (<80 ms), high-flux neutron diffractometers begin to emerge as an industrially relevant technique in the design, characterisation and certification of advanced materials. The ability to implement such detailed analysis has been significantly aided through the concurrent development of batch Rietveld data processing suites and the Quantitative Phase Analysis (QPA) technique. This present research will outline all developmental work using the D20 diffractometer (ILL, France) in the exploration of M_n+1AX_n Phase materials. D20 has enabled us to explore the ultra-fast reaction kinetics of a Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) of model M_n+1AX_n Phase systems at a <900 ms time resolution. In turn, this technique has been further refined and applied in the confirmation of a novel solid state M_n+1AX_n Phase precursor design. The ability to simultaneously explore the in situ chemical and thermal environments of large volume samples has provided us with a means of rapidly prototyping novel synthesis techniques. By way of example, the successful application of solid state precursors has reduced the M_n+1AX_n Phase synthesis times and temperatures by approximately 50 and 44%, respectively. The development and application times for these precursors could not have been achieved without application of these diffractometers’ capabilities. More generally, time-resolved in-situ neutron diffraction has the potential to redefine many research techniques in both materials science and solid state physics if two experimental methodologies can be perfected: (1) concurrent experimentation and (2) complementary analysis. More specifically, we should aim to couple in situ neutron scattering with the simultaneous analysis of chemical, thermal, physical or environmental factors, while analysis using complementary techniques (e.g. neutrons and X-rays) will ideally produce higher scientific standards in characterisation. Together, these methodologies will significantly reduce the development time and complexity of novel materials syntheses, while ultimately lowering associated costs. The key to achieving these goals is the design and implementation of robust in situ sample environments capable of exploring a wide range of synthesis and simulated service environments. In conclusion, the designs and commissioning of equipment intended for these aims will also be discussed. 2012-09-04T03:12:12.157Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11448 This chapter investigates the use of mobile phones in Australia by 18 to 35 year olds in the Hunter region; more particularly how the social construction of mobile phone use is revealed in discourse and related to identity formation. Interviews, collected cultural artifacts and a Research Journal provided the primary material, and the method of Discourse Analysis was used to consider each source of information and to compare them. Choices of phone, wallpaper and ringtone are consciously used to express aspects of individual identity, adapting functions of the mobile phone and engaging with broader discourses such as fashion and sound. Many of these discursive practices with the mobile phone are adopted for pleasure as well as utility. 2012-09-04T03:11:58.116Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11447 Construction design involves communication and interaction between individuals and groups in complex social settings. Therefore, the social character of design activity cannot be separated from the technical results (Minneman, 1991). The challenge of collaborating within design teams has been intensified by increased globalization and the trend towards virtual teamwork, using information and communication technology. Although these virtual teams have resulted in increased client satisfaction, specific communication skills may be needed for team members to function efficiently and effectively in these environments. Using two analyses, derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004), communication in design teams operating in three environments was examined. Tensions between the efficient exchange of information and effective collaboration between team members were highlighted by these analyses; using these findings, specific strategies which facilitate communication and collaboration in these differing environments may be developed. 2012-09-04T03:11:33.079Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11446 What does 'academic administration' mean? What does it mean to be an academic in administration, from program/course co-ordinator all the way to Vice-Chancellor? And why would any early career academic want to become involved, especially when first priorities are getting your teaching right and getting published? Many academic administrators, at least once in their tenure, ask themselves the same question and at those moments - when things are tough, support evaporating, resources low, the daggers out and morale out the door - it is a fair enough response. At other times, when you have just got approval for a new course, made your first new appointment to your course/department, influenced a colleague to do something new or different, supported and helped a student through a crisis, argued for and won extra funding, attended your first government or international meeting representing your faculty or institution, and so on, you feel on top of the world. But this is not the only response. I know, I've been doing it for 16 years. This is when you know there is no going back: when you no longer envy colleagues with their heads bowed over desks, neatly avoiding getting caught up in things outside their immediate interests and domain. 2012-09-04T03:10:39.170Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11445 University curriculum is complex and abstract - indeed, it becomes increasingly more complex and abstract as students progress through their degree programs. Third year is, or should be, more abstract and complex than first year. What kinds of intellectual demands typify academic learning, and how do these change over time? In understanding these demands, we are better able to align both our curricula and our teaching to the needs of our students at different stages of their learning. 2012-09-04T03:10:26.926Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11444 The purpose of this chapter is to help new academics to be aware of their approach when planning lectures, in order to maximise their students' opportunities to learn from lectures. The chapter outlines a set of principles, based on research literature on lecturing, instructional design and learning theory, to guide new academics in their planning of lectures. It covers the purpose and structure oflectures as well as ways to facilitate student learning from lectures. 2012-09-04T03:10:13.989Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11443 This chapter provides a framework for understanding how variation in learning behaviours, and thus outcomes, occurs. We frame the discussion around the three key questions that underlie learning: (1) what I am doing as learning occurs (the 'cognitive' component of learning), (2) how and why I control and regulate my learning (the 'metacognitive' component), and (3) how I feel about myself as a learner and the learning context (the 'affective' component). While each of these components may be discussed independently (and there exists a large corpus of research underlying understandings of each of these), most important in this account are the interrelationships between them, for it is through understanding these interactions that the individual differences in learning and learning outcomes may be explained. 2012-09-04T03:10:01.858Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11442 As a new researcher you may have a recent PhD degree but little other research experience. In these circumstances you probably at least have selected a general area as your major research interest. Your task now is to identify the specifics of your continuing research program. Of course, this will not always be the case and you may wish to branch out into a new field within the range of your expertise. In this case you have a larger task - deciding your general research course and then the specifics of where you wish to begin. Alternatively you may be doing a research degree now or in the near future. This puts you in the same position as the PhD graduate who wishes to move into a new field - you first need to select a general area and then the specifics of your intended research program. In either case, how do you go about this? Be an active seeker of information about your area: what research groups or centres are operating at your university and how well are they doing; what is their potential for sustainability, growth and impact; what external networks are available? And make sure there is room in your chosen area for a research program of, say, at least five years for you to establish an ongoing program for yourself. 2012-09-04T03:09:50.755Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11441 I here argue that the Philebus offers a window into the developing processes of debate within the Academy, and that many of these ideas have grown or developed in Academic discussions or in the works of individual members of the School, such as Speusippus (as was especially well argued by Schofield in respect of the dyschereis). Speusippus' interest in classification may also be important, but one should not forget that one significant fragment of Speusippus (F48: narrans tamquam placentia antiquis) seems to be giving his own take on the views of the ancients; so there is room for Plato's late-period 'Socrates' to be engaging not just with ancients and with contemporaries, but also with ancients as interpreted by contemporaries. In this context (as in F48) contemporary views of 'Pythagorean' endeavours would have been the most important. 2012-09-04T03:09:38.126Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11440 In accordance with the suggestive word είσαγωγή at its conclusion (185.28), it was easily assumed that Alcinous’ Didascalicus is an introductory work. Such a view may have been related to the perception of ‹Middle Platonism› as a philosophically unsatisfying movement unable to break out of an introductory mode of thought. We have now learned to recognize the diversity of Platonism within the second century C.E., from which Alcinous is normally held to have come, and in respecting this we recognize better the various levels at which Platonists worked, and the variety of their approaches to the teaching of Plato. The major choice then confronting a teacher of Platonism was between teaching a corpus of Plato’s dialogues; teaching a distinct system of school doctrines; or teaching a way of life implicit in Plato’s life and writings. Combinations of these were also possible. 2012-09-04T03:09:18.905Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11439 This is a report on an experiment that originated in the Ford Foundation-funded Moving Cultures project to remake Asia Pacific studies and evolved into the love child of a triangular relationship between institutions in the Pacific islands. The original idea was to try a new interactive teaching program across universities in the Pacific and Asia that would reconceptualize the meaning of "area studies" as it related to the Asia Pacific region. Moving Cultures set out to create an innovative pedagogy by using the Internet to link classrooms at the University of Hawai'i with those at other regional universities. The curriculum would focus on the flows of capital, people, and ideas-the "moving cultures" connecting disparate parts of this vast region. 2012-09-04T03:07:37.264Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11438 In somatic embryogenesis (SE), embryos form asexually from somatic cells. SE is most commonly associated with the in vitro culture of excised tissues in a nutrient medium containing exogenously supplied plant growth regulators. However, SE can occur naturally as on the succulent leaves of Kalanchoe, and a type of SE can also occur naturally in vivo through the process of apomixis. Plants which undergo apomixis develop embryos in the ovule without fertilization and fertile seed is produced with the same genotype as the parent. The methods in this chapter are concerned with SE in vitro and the use of the term 'SE' will be in the context of the in vitro form. SE is used in transformation procedures for many species. 2012-09-04T03:07:21.802Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11437 Karst environments preserve some of the best archives of past climate, vegetation, hydrology, human impact, landscape evolution, volcanism and tectonic evolution. Much research has been carried out since the works of Ford and Williams (1989) on karst geomorphology and hydrology, as well as dating of karst deposits. Since the last decade of the 20th century, research has focused on the extraction and interpretation of climate and environmental proxy data from karst archives, in particular from stalagmites. The nature of the karst environment, and karst processes provide all the ingredients necessary for the capture and preservation of environmental signals (Fairchild et al., 2007). The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the link between surface and subsurface karst processes which result in the formation of unique archives that record a variety of physical and chemical proxy data that allow the reconstruction of past climate and environmental changes, including variability in the carbon cycle. Karst environments are regions where sparingly soluble rocks outcrop and efficient acid hydrolysis creates spectacular dissolution landforms. The release of CO₂ from karst waters to the atmosphere causes precipitation of calcium-carbonate deposits, which, in caves, are collectively known as speleothems. Karst carbonate deposits capture climate and environmental signals in their macro- and micro-morphological characteristics, their mineral composition, and their chemical properties. They can be precisely dated with radiometric techniques and, thus, constitute an archive of climate change for millions of years. Karst carbonate formation is a product of both inorganic and organic processes. The influence of bacteria appears to be particularly important in the formation of calcareous tufa, deposits which commonly dam flowing water at both surface and subsurface. Bacteria also play a role in favouring the growth of mineral fibres in cave moonmilk, a plastic and powdery deposit consisting mostly of water and calcite. The most typical products of deposition in the subsurface karst environment are speleothems consisting of a rigid and relatively fragile arrangement in successive layers of calcium-carbonate crystals, which are here referred to as sparitic speleothems. Stalagmites, stalactites and flowstones mostly consist of calcite, and less commonly of aragonite or other minerals, which reflect events that occurred at the surface in their fabrics, trace-element composition, stable-isotope ratio and organic chemistry. The focus of this chapter is on issues related to the formation of karst deposits and their significance as palaeoclimate archives. 2012-09-04T03:07:10.957Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11436 In this age of technological competence and efficiency, the knowledge and skills embedded in caring practices are often overlooked. Phillips and Benner (1994) identified a 'crisis in caring' across our society, especially involving members of the helping professions, such as nursing. Caring is central to all helping professions and enables people to create meaning in their lives. Caring means that people, relationships and things matter (Benner & Wrubel 1989). 2012-09-04T03:06:55.553Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11435 Communication is a critical skill for nursing. It is the process by which humans meet their survival needs, build relationships 1md experience emotions. In nursing, communication is a dynamic process used to gather assessment data, to build an understanding of the patient and his or her health experiences, to teach and persuade and to express caring and comfort. It is an integral part of the therapeutic relationship between the patient and the nurse as well as relationships between members of the health care team. 2012-09-04T03:06:27.923Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11434 Client teaching and peer teaching are major aspects of nursing practice and important nursing roles. The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council (ANMC) (2005) emphasises this in the Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse where it is stated that nurses must contribute to the professional development of others (Competency Statement 4.3) and educate individuals/groups to promote independence and control over their health (Competency Statement 7.7). Client education is multifaceted and involves promoting, protecting and maintaining health. It involves teaching about reducing health risk factors, increasing a person's level of well ness and taking specific protective health measures. 2012-09-04T03:06:11.764Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11433 Assessing a client's health status is a major component of nursing care. Assessment is an ongoing process that ensures nurses note baseline information and constantly review and reassess the client's health. Besides vital signs which are used to continuously assess a client's ongoing health and wellbeing, there are other important aspects of assessment. These include: (1) the nursing health history discussed in Chapter II. and (2) the physical examination discussed in this chapter. 2012-09-04T03:05:53.543Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11432 Although aspects of the individual nurse's role vary according to practice location and type, leadership, management, delegation and change are consistent components of the role. Nurses function within health care systems, working with multiple clients and health care providers. As a part of a multidisciplinary team, the nurse is often in a leadership position and frequently delegates aspects of care to others. There are opportunities in nursing to become leaders at various levels and also many situations in which the nurse functions as a manager and as a change agent. 2012-09-04T03:04:57.237Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11431 Professor Peter Droege posed six questions to respected professionals from around the world. Here they respond and share their thoughts on carbon-sensitive design and planning and its role in mitigating and adaptong to climate change. 2012-09-04T03:04:39.948Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11395 ‘Work and family policies’ are workplace policies that recognise the importance of people’s family and other responsibilities without jeopardising their livelihood. They encompass a range of policies, but two of the most important are allowing employees to take different types of leave – such as parental leave and leave for care of family members – and allowing them flexibility with regard to working hours, times and locations. These policies were developed in the 1990s and judged to be good for businesses, helping them to attract and retain valued staff, among other things. Precisely because they recognise the needs of individuals, work and family policies clearly fit comfortably within the theoretical frameworks of managing diversity, with its emphasis on policies and practices that promote individual rather than collective group priorities. In Australia, only a few of these policies are underpinned by legislation, and studies of organisational practice show that employees’ working conditions and access to ‘work and family’ policies varies widely between industries and organisations. 2012-08-28T06:10:34.307Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11396 This chapter traces the course of Australian approaches to managing equity and diversity in detail. As discussed in Chapter 1, there is inevitably a good deal of intersection between these two areas but there are also significant differences. Australia, like most Western industrial countries, has legislation in place that addresses workplace practices and issues of equality. In Australia this takes the form of anti-discrimination and equal opportunity legislation. This chapter outlines the requirements of the legislation and discusses its philosophical underpinnings. It concludes by discussing the non-legislated frameworks for managing diversity and examines the ramifications for implementing the various approaches to managing equity and diversity. Finally it is noted that progress towards fair and equitable workplaces that are representative of all groups in society is slowed by conflicting beliefs to the causes of inequality and the competing ideas that underpin the various approaches advocating different remedies. 2012-08-28T06:10:31.627Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11398 This chapter examines women’s roles, expectations and experiences into two comparable, male-dominated industrial manufacturing companies in Australia. It is based on the findings of a research report undertaken in 2004, the aim of which was to compare the equal opportunity reports of two companies with the actual experience of women workers in those two companies. Both companies were operating within the same legislative and industrial framework and therefore were subject to the same requirements in terms of Australia’s equal opportunity legislation, including its reporting requirements. Both also operated in the same local labour market. Nonetheless, it was found that one company provided what were perceived as ‘good’ jobs for women while the other provided jobs that were seen as ‘bad’ jobs. Clearly, this resulted not from external factors but from a combination of the operational, management and cultural conditions within each company. 2012-08-28T06:10:31.444Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11397 This chapter reviews the major drivers for managing diversity (MD) programs in Australia, including demographic changes, industry demands for skilled employees and the expansion of corporate social responsibility, also in regard to Labour standards. While these economic and social developments provided the impetus for change, MD arose in the years of a booming economy, and the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 may have an impact on this and other organisational programs. This chapter discusses the role of human resource management (HRM) in MD and the potential for MD to occupy a prominent place among strategic organisational policies. MD is both a business and a social project, and the chapter discusses the role of trade unions and community organisations in shaping the unique pattern that is MD in Australia. We also reflect on the future of MD in Australia and the challenges facing MD. 2012-08-28T06:10:28.833Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11399 The aim of this chapter is to provide students with a critical understanding of the phenomenon of volunteer tourism. It will consider how volunteer tourism occurs in diverse community settings with a particular emphasis upon international contexts. It emphasises the potential volunteer tourism has as a transformative form of sustainable tourism that extends beyond the finite limits of a particular volunteering experience. In this chapter, students will develop a foundational understanding of how this transformation is best realised, and ultimately aims to lead both volunteer tourists and host communities toward responsible and continuing participation in local and global development. This chapter begins by defining volunteer tourism and providing students with an understanding of its development and progression. Particular attention is paid to the way volunteer tourism has been conceptualised as an alternative form of sustainable tourism that is grounded in philanthropic and altruistic ideologies. It also critiques this viewpoint and encourages students to look at volunteer tourism as a reciprocal relationship between host communities and volunteer tourists. This reciprocity is explored by considering the needs of the host community by examining the principles of community planning that underpin quality volunteer tourism projects with particular emphasis upon the strengths and weaknesses of community development processes. The chapter then examines the needs of volunteer tourists, particularly those who are young adults. While volunteer tourism is increasingly being undertaken by a diverse range of individuals, its value as an educational tool for students studying sustainable tourism cannot be overstated. This chapter explores how hands-on volunteer tourism community work allows students to gain invaluable personal and career experience, as well as build powerful life and job skills that can be applied towards future community-building initiatives. This chapter also examines the principles of leadership and group dynamics that underpin successful volunteer tourism ventures. 2012-08-28T06:10:28.709Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11394 This chapter discusses the meaning of the term ‘managing diversity’ (MD) and related terms. Managing diversity is a concept that was developed in the United States in the 1980s in response to demographic changes within the workforce and global competition. It was also a reaction to the introduction of equity legislation and practices, central to this concept is the belief that organisations stand to benefit from having a diverse workforce and that is therefore in their interest to recognise and cater to the needs of individual employees. In contrast, the framework for equity within workplaces is based on a human rights perspective: the belief that people should be treated equitably and that employment decisions should not be based on personal characteristics such as sex or ethnicity. While human rights issues are in theory universal, approaches to managing diversity will differ between countries depending on their demography, their view of society and their legislation governing employment. 2012-08-28T06:10:25.957Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11393 The measurement of vital signs is a fundamental aspect of nursing care. The elementary vital signs are body temperature, pulse, respirations and blood pressure. While the means and emphasis on vital sign measurement and analysis may vary among different clinical settings, these four measurements of physiological status remain constant across the continuum of clinical environments. 2012-08-28T06:10:25.627Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11392 This chapter explores equity and diversity programs in a range of organisations in Australia. The reasons why organisations develop equity and diversity programs are examined through analysis of 15 brief case studies; these show clearly that the business case predominates. Six detailed case studies demonstrate the extent and variety of the challenges different organisations face and show management-driven programs responding to organisational needs with a variety of initiatives. A range of different approached to equity and diversity has been found to be present, and Australian organisations pursue a range of policy types simultaneously. Organisations provided with broad guidelines but left to their own devices, as happens in Australia, produce a diverse range of equity and diversity programs. 2012-08-28T06:10:22.908Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11406 This chapter discusses an action research study towards the development of a decision framework to support a fully integrated multi disciplinary Building Information Model (BIM) using a Model Server. The framework was proposed to facilitate multi disciplinary collaborative BIM adoption through, informed selection of a project specific BIM approach and tools contingent upon project collaborators’ readiness, tool capabilities and workflow dependencies. The aim of the research was to explore the technical concerns in relation to Model Servers to support multi disciplinary model integration and collaboration; however it became clear that there were both technical and non technical issues that needed consideration. The evidence also suggests that there are varying levels of adoption which impacts upon further diffusion of the technologies. Therefore the need for a decision framework was identified based on the findings from an exploratory study conducted to investigate industry expectations. The study revealed that even the market leaders who are early technology adopters in the Australian industry in many cases have varying degrees of practical experiential knowledge of BIM and hence at times low levels of confidence of the future diffusion of BIM technology throughout the industry. The study did not focus on the benefits of BIM implementation as this was not the intention, as the industry partners involved are market leaders and early adopters of the technology and did not need convincing of the benefits. Coupled with this there are various other past studies that have contributed to the ‘benefits’ debate. There were numerous factors affecting BIM adoption which were grouped in to two main areas; technical tool functional requirements and needs, and non technical strategic issues. The need for guidance on where to start, what tools were available and how to work through the legal, procurement and cultural challenges was evidenced in the exploratory study. Therefore a BIM decision framework was initiated, based upon these industry concerns. Eight case studies informed the development of the framework and a summary of the key findings is presented. Primary and secondary case studies from firms that have adopted a structured approach to technology adoption are presented. The Framework consists of four interrelated key elements including a strategic purpose and scoping matrix, work process mapping, technical requirements for BIM tools and Model Servers, and framework implementation guide. The BIM framework was presented in draft format again to key industry stakeholders and considered in comparison with current best practice BIM adoption to further validate the framework. There was no request to change any part of the Framework. However, it is an ongoing process and it will be presented again to industry through the various project partners. The Framework may be refined within the boundaries of the action research process as an ongoing activity as more experiential knowledge can be incorporated. 2012-08-28T06:10:20.519Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11408 This chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Facility Management (AEC/FM) industry and a re-assessment of its role and potential contribution in the near future, given the apparent slow rate of adoption by the industry. The chapter analyses the readiness of the industry with respect to the (1) tools, (2) processes and (3) people to position BIM adoption in terms of current status and expectations across disciplines. The findings are drawn from an ongoing research project funded by the Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation (CRC-CI) that aims at developing a technological, operational and strategic analysis of adopting BIM in the AEC/FM industry as a collaboration platform. 2012-08-28T06:10:20.489Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11409 Effective processes in facilities management are responsive to the quality of information flow across various levels and stages of design, procurement and construction processes. Considerable empirical evidence from industry reports shows how construction and facilities management processes could be jeopardized by some of the limitations of conventional design and procurement processes. To address these limitations, there are promising indications showing that the potential of Building Information Modelling (BIM) will trigger major improvements in both construction and facilities management systems. This study reviews some of the capabilities of BIM which may revolutionize conventional practices in facilities management processes. Specific platforms for this include, integrated analysis and simulation of project variables in virtual environments, effective communication between project stakeholders and project teams and multi-disciplinary collaboration. Others are interoperability, project visualization, value intelligence and other digital facilities management applications. In the study it is argued that BIM capabilities such as project visualization, simulation, auto-alert and value intelligence could stimulate major improvements in facilities management processes. Finally conclusions are drawn on the relationships between BIM and digital facilities management, including suggestions on areas of further studies. 2012-08-28T06:10:17.647Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11407 Most estimators are trained with, and are used to, manual and Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) two dimensional (2D) drawings. The spatio-temporal limitations of these designs complicate information management, estimators’ judgments, speed and accuracy. In addition, conventional estimating practices also need to cater to the nuances of diverse standard methods of measurements (SMM) and unstable market conditions. Building Information Modeling (BIM) promises major improvements that overcome the limitations of conventional 2D methods in both design and construction processes. It provides platforms for value integration, robust information sources, simultaneous access to design database, automated quantification, project visualization and simulation, among others capabilities. These capabilities facilitate accuracy, objective risk assessment, comprehensive information management and early integration of cost management principles during design. Arguably, the uptake of Information Technology (IT) in construction is increasing and this discipline-specific study on BIM highlights its considerable potential for improving professional service delivery. Consequently, the integration of BIM and process driven Computer-Aided Estimating (CAE) tools and applications provide robust opportunities for process improvement in Architectural, Engineering, Construction and Facilities Management (AECFM) industries. As part of a research initiative, this chapter reviews the impacts of BIM on cost estimating procedures. In a bid to develop a conceptual framework for underpinning BIM-propelled changes in estimating practice, CAE applications are categorized and compared. Moreover, some features for producing automated quantities from BIMs are compared with provisions of SMM used by estimators. The research concludes with recommendations about the capacity of BIM to revolutionize construction procurement and systems. 2012-08-28T06:10:17.512Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11402 Adjusting to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a complex process which evolves over time, and individuals, their family members and health professionals may have diverse opinions about what constitutes the status of survivor. Whilst significant psychiatric disorder is not the norm, many of those diagnosed with cancer experience a degree of psychological distress and changes in their attitudes, beliefs and worldview as they negotiate a new and different life compared with before cancer. This chapter describes the process of adjustment, factors which affect adjustment, and provides practical suggestions for health professionals to assist them in exploring the specific concerns of their patients. Information is provided about simple interventions which can be delivered in routine clinical care by non-specialist providers, as well as details about risk factors for the development of psychiatric disorder. Practical suggestions about facilitating referral for specialist psychosocial treatment are also provided. 2012-08-28T06:10:14.698Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11401 This chapter sets out the key features of the Australian workforce and the changes that have occurred in the structure of the workforce in recent decades, and discusses the likely demographic landscape in the future. It forms an essential introduction to the others chapters in this book, providing the national context and explaining the important role a policy of managing diversity (MD) can and should play within institutions. It analyses the composition of the labour market in Australia by gender and other key characteristics such as age and country of origin, and reviews the characteristics of different industries and occupations, as well as discussing the issues surrounding permanent, casual, full-time and part-time work in relation to pay equity. It discusses the increasing participation of women in the workforce, in particular women with children, and the ways in which work patterns affect family life. The chapter concludes with brief comments on the impact of ‘globalisation’ on business and the labour market. 2012-08-28T06:10:08.701Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11405 Tutorials are a pedagogical cornerstone of on-campus academic learning environments. They are frequently constructed as the complement to a lecture program, and remain a default feature of contemporary courses in higher education. Their purposes are many and varied, and it is beyond the scope of this chapter to present the kind of comprehensive survey that would be required to do justice to the many forms and structures that tutorials take in the contemporary academy. However, one feature that all tutorials have in common, regardless of their structure, is the opportunity they provide for students to interact closely with a disciplinary expert. While we recognise this is not their only purpose, it is this opportunity presented by tutorials that we want to focus upon in this chapter. This way of thinking about tutorials builds upon the argument made in Chapter 4, where the concept of curriculum alignment was presented as the means by which learning experiences and associated pedagogies could be organised to facilitate the development of complex disciplinary understandings. We see the tutorial as an important space within which complex disciplinary understandings can be made visible through careful learning design. To make clear how tutorials might operate to build complex disciplinary understandings, we explore the tutorial within a learning design framework called 'cognitive apprenticeship'. 2012-08-28T06:10:08.670Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11404 Interview with Chris and the two Michaels about their work and use of both physical and digital models. 2012-08-28T06:10:05.128Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11403 Interview with Steffen about his work and architectural models, both physical and digital. 2012-08-28T06:10:04.930Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11384 L-Arginine is a basic, semi-essential amino acid that was discovered in 1886 in lupin seedlings and then in 1895 in mammalian protein (Boger & Bode-Boger 2001). For humans L-arginine is considered to be a semi-essential amino acid or a conditionally essential amino acid, as requirements may increase during metabolic stress or when there is insufficient endogenous L-arginine for optimal growth or tissue repair; for birds and carnivores it is an essential amino acid. It is also the most abundant nitrogen carrier in animals and humans. 2012-08-27T22:27:55.536Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11383 There is a long history of consuming fermented foods and beverages containing microorganisms to improve health. The term 'probiotic' is derived from Greek and means 'for life: As far back as 1908, Metchnikoff, the Nobel laureate, stated that 'ingested lactobacilli can displace toxin-producing bacteria, promoting health and prolonging life' (Elmer 2001). The term 'probiotics' was first coined in 1965 and has since been applied to those live microorganisms that are able to promote health when consumed in sufficient quantities (FAO/WHO 2001). This is in contrast to the term 'prebiotics' which are dietary components. Although it has taken the most part of a century for scientists to investigate their health benefits, there are now several thousand studies published on probiotics, the majority published since 2000. 2012-08-27T22:27:12.709Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11382 Gibson & Roberfroid (1995) introduced the concept of prebiotic as 'a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon and thus improves health: This concept has been further developed to define prebiotics as 'selectively fermented ingredients that allow specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microflora that confers benefits upon host wellbeing and health'. 2012-08-27T22:26:36.565Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11380 This chapter analyses the claim that in our commitment to citizenship education, we have been seduced by the rhetoric producing a narrow view of the potential that citizenship education has for authentic social change. The chapter argues that, internationally, the pedagogy of citizenship education is dominated by teaching about citizenship and that this traditional pedagogic commitment has not produced young citizens who are active and fully engaged members of their society. It is then suggested that if citizenship education is to meet its goal of ensuring active participation within a democratic framework, educators need to adopt a critical pedagogy that emphasizes curriculum as praxis, the creation of a socially just teaching and learning environment and democratic learning communities. 2012-08-27T06:12:27.913Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11379 This chapter comprises a case study of the values education practices of a school heavily involved in the Australian Values Education programme. It is constructed in a way that fleshes out and illustrates the concept of the student wellbeing pedagogy that was outlined in Chapter 1. Instructional scaffolding is the lynchpin of the pedagogy and it can take a variety of forms. The case study of the Student Action Team approach to teaching and learning with its service learning dimension illustrates how such an instructional scaffold enables a school to shape teaching and learning in line with its core values as well as have students constantly transact the core values in ways that enhance student social, emotional and academic wellbeing. 2012-08-27T06:12:02.502Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11378 Social work in South Africa has been heavily influenced by theories and models of practice from the United Kingdom and United States, despite repeated calls over the years for 'indigenous' approaches (Bar-On, 2003a; 2003b). Perhaps the most 'indigenous' model to emerge in South Africa is that of 'developmental social work', which is by far the most dominant social work approach referred to in contemporary South African social work literature. But what exactly is a 'developmental approach' and how might we enhance our understanding of this approach by drawing on contemporary social work theory? This is the question we address in this chapter. While our focus is on 'developmental social work', which is a unique form of social work practice developed in South Africa, our brief is to examine how contemporary social work theories might help us more effectively develop a critical approach to developmental social work practice. We believe that despite claims made about 'developmental social work', there is still little understanding of what this means in daily social work practice and there is even less critique of its effectiveness. 2012-08-27T05:17:48.418Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11355 Many of the birds observed at Hunter Valley Gardens are migratory, and are therefore only to be seen at certain times of the year. 2012-08-27T04:57:20.173Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11371 This chapter is concerned with the productive nature of discipline. That is, with what subjection within and to a discipline 'produces'. More specifically, I am concerned with the way a "subject comes into being ... comes to mastery, comes into existence and agency, through subjection" (Petersen, 2007, p. 477). I use martial arts training as a case study for my investigation because it is so frequently depicted as a site of 'serious' discipline; a somewhat 'inflexible' discipline that practitioners more or less willingly subject themselves to in order to attain mastery of the art under study. My aim is to develop an understanding of the deliberate act of subjection that is implicated in the disciplining process by which the individual is transformed through the martial arts. Resting upon Michel Foucault's (1980, 1982/1994) thesis on the 'double nature' of power, I argue in this chapter for both the constraining and enabling effects of discipline as it manifests in and through the martial arts and investigate the way discipline is central to the act of becoming in the dojo. 2012-08-27T04:06:59.785Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11370 This chapter addresses three interrelated elements in theorizing wellbeing. The first element is diagnostic, namely, how far have different formulations of wellbeing take us in providing an adequate theorization that is supported by reliable methods and empirical data. In developing this position, it is argued that the two central perspectives that attempt to explain subjective wellbeing as either (i) a construct of mental states or (ii) a case of preference satisfaction are one-sided and should be treated with caution. Against both the psychometric approach of social indicator research and the measurement-theoretic of economic science, a more grounded sociological approach is advanced that draws on phenomenology. It is for this reason that wellbeing is prefaced with the adjective “social” in the title of this chapter. The second element is analytical, namely, what does the cultural turn in wellbeing research and policy tell us about the changing nature of social values in advanced modern societies? In sketching out this analytical terrain, two very different variants of postmodernism are set against each other; these are those of Ronald Inglehart and Jean Baudrillard. If we take the significance of the cultural dimension as a given for such societies, this permits the juxtaposition of two potentially tense perspectives of wellbeing, namely, the postmaterialist cultural values of Inglehart against the postmodern cultural semiotic approach of Baudrillard. In setting up this tension, important insights can be gleaned about mutually reinforcing elements of academic research and popular culture. The third and final element is reconstructive; that is, in identifying theoretic and methodological weakness, especially those associated with the subjective wellbeing paradigm, an alternative mode of thinking is offered. This reconstructive exercise produces the argument for a “social turn” in wellbeing studies against the prevailing cultural preoccupations. Concomitant to this is a principled foregrounding of “we-relationships”, or Mitsein, for any adequate articulation of social wellbeing. From this vantage point, it is claimed that ontologically, social wellbeing is simultaneously both singular and plural. The chapter serves as a strong conceptual conclusion to the last section of this Handbook. 2012-08-27T04:06:28.379Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11369 Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous environmental fungus, which through its size, reproductive cycle, ability to germinate at body temperature, secretion of proteases and its highly antigenic nature is an important pathogen in pulmonary disease. We will review the pathogenesis of this organism in terms of its ability to cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). This involves reviewing new data that examines the importance of the innate immune response to infection, especially how this limits airway colonisation and minimises the airway inflammatory response. We will also review the importance of adaptive immune responses to the organism, especially how a T helper-2 lymphocyte response and chemokine signalling predisposes to the development of ABPA and is associated with recurring disease. 2012-08-27T04:06:08.827Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11368 In her recent book "Critical lessons: What our schools should teach", Nel Noddings (2006) reminds us of the ancient "Know Thyself" principle as the necessary, albeit more often than not disregarded, goal of education. It was the quest for meanings and evaluation of experience - an examined vs. unexamined life - that Socrates was calling for. Noddings (2006) is adamant about the importance of self-knowledge as the very core of education: "when we claim to educate, we must take Socrates seriously. Unexamined lives may well be valuable and worth living, but an education that does not invite such examination may not be worthy of the label education" (Noddings, 2006, p. 10). Importantly, Noddings does not differentiate between critical and reflective thinking: it is by using self-reflection in the context of personal beliefs and decision making that every domain of human interactions becomes critically examined because no meaning can be given a priori. The structure and dynamics of critical lessons that Noddings proposes specifically for schools cannot be taken in isolation from real life with its multiplicity of experiences and relations with others. All events constituting our practical experience become precisely those critical lessons from which we can and should learn. This paper introduces an interpretive, evaluative, practice as a specific method, which is usually considered esoteric and ipso facto unscientific. It is the practice of Tarot readings that this paper posits in terms of critical lessons embedded in our experience. By addressing this practice in the framework of complexity theory, the paper will de-mystifY the often misunderstood realm of Tarot and will assert its value for education as one of the means to "Know Thyself"; thus it can be considered an educational tool contributing to our learning and, respectively, the evolution of the human mind situated in the larger, both cultural and natural, context. 2012-08-27T04:05:50.412Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11367 The belief that "moral experience is a puzzle and moral education is its stumbling interpreter" (Radest, 2000, p. II) continues to haunt us amidst the urgency of bringing the values dimension into education. Within the traditional analytic approach that tends to permeate curricula at both formal and "hidden" levels (Fraenkel, 1997) moral, or values, education is usually centered on clarifying values or inculcating particular virtues within character education programs. This chapter will consider a semiotic alternative to the problematic of moral education as grounded in the legacy of great American pragmatists, John Dewey and Charles Sanders Peirce. Peirce equated logic with triadic semiotics, that is, a relational process describing the quasi-necessary laws of thinking. Moral education will be posited as indeed stumbling and will be re-conceptualized against a model of reasoning that logically incorporates what I earlier called moral stuttering (2005a). 2012-08-27T04:04:53.120Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11366 This chapter introduces the reader to the distinctive contribution to the field of values education that the Australian Values Education programme has made by identifying a ‘new values education’, one that acts as a catalyst for ‘best practice pedagogy’ and, in turn, as an effective means of assuring student wellbeing. This goes to the essence of the thematic organiser for this first section of the handbook, Values Education: Wellbeing, Curriculum and Pedagogy. It refers to key research that justifies and explains how values education works to enhance positive student effect across the full range of measures, personal, emotional, social, moral, spiritual and intellectual. 2012-08-27T04:04:08.590Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11365 This chapter focuses on the necessity of providing those conditions under which student cognitive, affective, social, moral, ethical and spiritual potential can develop and flourish. It recounts recent educational research pointing to the influence of schools on student wellbeing and its relationship with academic achievement, particularly in relation to providing for the affective, cognitive and social developmental needs of students. It argues that the values embedded within the learning context play a vital role in determining the quality of the educational experience. It also speculates that taking values to the heart of the educational endeavour begins with valuing students and orchestrating those conditions wherein students can develop agency across personal, social, academic, spiritual and moral domains. 2012-08-27T04:03:36.706Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11364 In Gilles Deleuze's philosophy, becoming is one of central metaphors; and the concept of becoming resonates with a number of contemporary debates in educational theory (Semetsky 2006, 2008). Several of Deleuze's philosophical works were written together with practicing psychoanalyst Felix Guattari (Deleuze and Guattari, 1987; 1994), such a collaboration bringing theoretical problematic into closer contact with practical concerns and socio-cultural contexts. Deleuze and Guattari conceptualized their philosophical method as Geophilosophy, privileging geography over history and stressing the value of the present-becoming, that is, a possibility for becoming-other in each and every present moment. In this chapter we explore Deleuze's dynamics of becoming-other situated within a larger milieu of informal education in terms of learning from experience as a mode of cultural pedagogy. Deleuze's pedagogy implicit in his philosophy entails the reading of signs, symbols, and symptoms that lay down the dynamical structure of experience. Experience cannot be limited to what is immediately perceived; still, the Deleuzian line of flight or becoming is real even if "we don't see it, because it's the least perceptible of things" (Deleuze, 1995, p. 45). We are affected by experience, and thinking enriched with its affective dimension is always experimental, like a process of trying, testing, and creating. Experience is future-oriented, lengthened and enfolded, representing an experiment with what is new, or coming into being, becoming. 2012-08-27T04:03:20.253Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11362 In this chapter, recent employment relations developments in Asia are examined. The chapter is organised into three main sections. The first section examines general employment relations developments in the period of largely unbroken economic expansion in the region from 2000 to 2007. This section examines developments for the main parties to employment relations including the state, unions and markets in the region. The second section examines developments in China, Japan and Singapore, chosen for closer analysis as they are extremely significant and interdependent trading economies in Asia and all three have introduced new labour laws and policies in recent years. Finally, the chapter concludes by commenting on the impact of the global financial crisis on the region's employment relations. 2012-08-27T04:02:11.701Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11361 This chapter discusses the impact on HRM of an ageing workforce. It outlines the dimensions of an ageing workforce in Australia and Japan. This chapter explores the policy and human resource implications of an ageing workforce. Population ageing has significant policy implications in a number of areas. They include: adjustment for the changing patterns for supply and demand of social services (such as child care, elderly and dementia care); immigration policy; and labour policy. 2012-08-27T04:01:57.944Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11360 The immunohistochemical stain has been rapidly embraced as an integral and often indispensable component of histological assessment. It is a histological assay that is inextricably a part of morphology. For this reason we proposed in 1998 the term "immunohistology" in preference to "immunohistochemistry" and "immunocytochemistry" in order to highlight this important attribute. Alternative appellations like "immunohistopathology", and "immunomicroscopy" were subsequently proffered in recognition of the importance of correlating morphologic features with the immunological assay. 2012-08-27T04:01:41.537Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11359 As recounted in the previous chapter, the new student wellbeing pedagogy has evolved with the realization that learning is an interaction between individual endowments and the learning environment. In other words, the types of learning experiences provided and the social and emotional ambiences fostered impact directly upon student engagement and motivation in learning. This means that effective values education involves more than the transrliission of social mores but is contingent upon the dynamic interaction of the cognitive, affective and social dimensions in the teaching and learning environment, I that is, the cognition/affect/sociality nexus as described in the previous chapter. As indicated in that chapter, the importance of this nexus is given substance by recent findings of the neurosciences and, in particular, those of Antonio Damasio and colleagues (Damasio & Damasio, 2007; Immordino-Yang & Damasio, 2007). These findings have underscored the insight that effective learning is impelled by a dynamic synergy between the dimensions of the affective, the cognitive and the social, and is not dependent upon the cognitive alone. This chapter will further explore the recent findings of the neurosciences relevant to the cognition/affect/sociality nexus as it is central to the new student wellbeing pedagogy. 2012-08-27T04:01:01.192Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11358 It has already been argued that the student wellbeing pedagogy has the potential to enable the formation of the type of personal resilience, capacity for self-knowledge and capacity for contributing positively to wider local, national and international societies. This chapter focuses on the role of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) on such formation. It therefore concentrates on elucidating for teacher educators the role of the second pillar of the framework for the student wellbeing pedagogy - SEL - in creating the troika effect. 2012-08-27T03:59:27.728Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11357 In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest all over the world in values education at school education, research and policy levels. In Australia, for example, the Federal Government has recently conducted a range of large scale curriculum development and resources projects as part of its expressed policy to have all Australian schools, public and private, introduce comprehensive values education programs as part of their charter. Also, in each of the state systems of education within Australia, values education is a mandated part of the curriculum. This chapter offers a novel conception of values education as the basis of new student wellbeing pedagogy. In this guise, it is not conceived of as a component part of the curriculum such as a 'values education', 'moral education' or 'character education'program, connoting a separate school subject or area of pursuit. Rather, it is considered to be a principle of curriculum organization, a way of shaping the whole schooling experience, including the planning, managing and organizing of the total school curriculum, the teaching and learning opportunities within it, and the entire way in which the school functions, especially in its relationships. It is primarily a conception of values education as pedagogy, with effective teaching and learning being enhanced by the positive human relationships and explicit values-oriented transactions that are forged within quality values education programs. At its heart is student personal, academic, social and emotional wellbeing. 2012-08-27T03:59:09.580Z ]]>