http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/services/Feed ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:2928 Australia is a generally dry continent that experiences highly variable rainfall. Since colonisation urban settlements have been regularly subjected to droughts, floods and water shortages. Rapid population growth with subsequent economic growth in industry and commerce resulted in dramatic increases in demand for water. The traditional approach to urban water supply largely focused on developing external water sources to meet growing water demands. Concurrently, urban stormwater and wastewater infrastructure is designed on a philosophy of rapid conveyance to receiving environments with reliance on "dilution" in those waters to assimilate wastes. These concepts have limited the capacity of upstream environments to meet urban water demand and of receiving environments to assimilate contaminant loads. As shown in this chapter, the 'big pipe' and 'end of pipe' solutions to water management are gradually being replaced by new integrated water cycle management approaches that aim to be more sustainable and may include small scale and decentralised infrastructure for managing the urban water streams. This chapter discusses the potential for utilising roofwater, stormwater, greywater and treated wastewater to improve management of the urban water cycle. 2013-04-15T01:26:06.305Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:6157 The emerging integrated water cycle management paradigm (IWCM) places a greater emphasis on demand-side management at the household/cluster scale than traditional design approaches for water cycle infrastructure. It is therefore important to understand the dynamics of household water uses at spatial and temporal scales smaller than those traditionally adopted for such design work. However, there exist very few models on residential indoor water demand analysis. This is the motivation for developing models that capture the dynamics of indoor household water use at smaller spatial and temporal scales. This study utilised data from Hunter Water Corporation (HWC) that consisted of 161 houses with measurements of monthly indoor water use over a period of 10 years. Temporal analysis of the HWC dataset indicates that the household occupancy is the most significant factor that influences household indoor water use; the household indoor water use possibly increases with income, whereas age does not indicate a strong influence. Statistical analysis of the HWC data showed that temporal shifts/cycles are a major source of variability in the household indoor water use. This study is attempted to develop an indoor water use model to identity the long-term dynamics of household occupancy. The household occupancy was categorized into several discrete states. The changes in state, modelled using a Markov process, are hypothesized to represent long-term or permanent changes in household occupancy - due to people moving in and/or out of the household. The proposed model is calibrated to the HWC dataset. The preliminary model diagnostics indicate that a reasonable fit was obtained for up to 98% of the households. Suitable drivers of the long-term dynamics and the short-term dynamics evident in the HWC dataset will be examined. The study will also investigate approaches to characterise the household heterogeneity and develop separate parameterisations of the short-term and long-term occupancy dynamics. 2010-05-07T05:00:09.218Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:2318 This paper summarises a systems analysis of the impact of Integrated Water Cycle Management approaches on the security of regional water supplies. The synergistic impacts of supply and demand management approaches on the security of regional water supply systems can be accurately evaluated using a combination of non-parametric regional demand methods: the PURRS lot scale water balance simulator and the WATHNET network linear headworks modeal. The systems methodologies described in this paper have widespread application. A case study analyses regional water security in the greater Sydney region to demonstrate the capability of the methodologies. The use of different pump marks for extractions from the Shoalhaven River, various frequencies of water restrictions, rainwater tanks and demand management measures has been investigated. An increase in acceptable frequency of water restriction to 5% and a pump mark of 70% will defer the requirement to augment the water headworks system by 26 years. The use of demand management measures alone will not defer augmentation whilst installation of 5kL rainwater tanks for hot water, toilet, laundry and outdoor uses can defer augmentation beyond 2090. A Pareto diagram is employed to examine conflicting environmental and economic objectives. 2010-04-27T06:50:10.745Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:3978 This paper details and evaluates the application and performance of the urbanCycle integrated urban water cycle modelling framework, developed at the University of Newcastle, was used to develop a model of the Kotara Roof to Creek Project catchment, located in Newcastle NSW. The Kotara Roof to Creek Project is being jointly conducted by Newcastle City Council, Hunter Water Corporation, The University of Newcastle, and the (former) NSW EPA Stormwater Trust. A primary aim of the project was to develop a suburban scale demonstrations site for implementation of Integrated Urban Water Cycle Management (IUWCM)techniques, within an established urban area. Additionally the project was developed in an attempt to address the environmental impacts downstream of the Kotara catchment. The evaluation of the urbanCycle model focuses on its ability to capture and represent the underlying hydrology of the catchment and explores the relationship between this and the model's performance and capabilities in predicting the impacts of the introduction of a simple IUWCM strategy, The insights and comparisons available through the application of continuous simulation are also examined and compared and contrasted against those of design even modelling and recommendations on the application of the model are made. 2010-04-27T05:13:05.244Z ]]>