http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/services/Feed ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11766 The success of project documentation and implementation depend on an effective collaboration within project teams. However, fragmentation has been a major concern in the industry for many centuries. Evidence suggests that this phenomena challenge weakens value integration among project teams; and regrettably, most academic programs are still tailored to service this limitation. As BIM is driven by integrative skills, this paper describes the formulation of an academic course for a multidisciplinary and integrative study of an estimating course. Specifically, it is targeted at a class of undergraduate students with backgrounds in project team disciplines - architecture, quantity surveying, structural and services engineering. The focus is to engage students in collaborative learning such that they are able to develop technical briefs, design tender programs, estimate and analyze tenders. A model for formulating groups and group assignments is proposed. In the end, study outcomes reveal that students will be multi-skilled and better team players than those under fragmented learning environments. Conclusions are drawn on curriculum development for integrative innovations such as BIM and virtual project management. 2012-10-22T06:53:46.292Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:3199 Tasmania is important for understanding Quaternary climatic change because it is one of only three areas that experienced extensive mid-latitude Southern Hemisphere glaciation and it lies in a dominantly oceanic environment at a great distance from Northern Hemisphere ice sheet feedbacks. We applied exposure dating using ³⁶Cl to an extensive sequence of moraines from the last glacial at Mt. Field, Tasmania. Glaciers advanced at 41-44 ka during Marine oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and at 18 ka during MIS 2. Both advances occurred in response to an ELA lowering greater than 1100 m below the present-day mean summer freezing level, and a possible temperature reduction of 7-8°C. Deglaciation was rapid and complete by ca. 16 ka. The overall story emerging from studies of former Tasmanian glaciers is that the MIS 2 glaciation was of limited extent and that some glaciers were more extensive during earlier parts of the last glacial cycle. 2010-04-27T05:24:54.219Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:3301 The hydrodehalogenation of halon 1211 over Pd/C catalysts was studied over a relatively narrow temperature range, from 453 to 573 K. The main products of the reaction are CH₂F₂ and CHBrF₂ with CHClF₂ formed as a minor product. Pd/C catalysts show high initial activities but undergo gradual deactivation before reaching a steady-state activity level. Experimental results suggest that CHBrF₂ and CHClF₂ are formed via the secondary reaction of CF₂ with HBr and HCl. 2010-04-27T05:07:33.472Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:3299 The hydrodehalogenation of halon 1211 over Ni, Pd and Pt supported on γ-alumina was studied. The effect of reaction temperature and hydrogen/halon 1211 input ratio was examined. Steady state catalytic activities of Pd and Pt are very similar, and much higher than that of Ni. Hydrodehalogenation over Pd favours the formation of CH₂F₂, while Pt and Ni produce primarily CH₄ and CH₃F, respectively. Product profiles suggest that the hydrodehalogenation of halon 1211 over Pd and Pt follows a reaction mechanism which is similar to hydrodehalogenation of CFC-12. Over Ni catalysts, the primary hydrodehalogenation reactions are those which first remove one halogen (Cl or Br) and then remove two halogens (one F and either Br or Cl). The higher mobility of hydrogen atom on the surface of Pt is consistent with the observation that only trace amounts of C₂₊ hydrocarbons were detected when Pt was used compared with Pd and Ni. Increasing selectivity to CH₂F₂ with time on stream over Pd and Pt is mainly ascribed to the transformation of support alumina to partially fluorinated alumina. 2010-04-27T05:07:32.821Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:3300 Conversion of halon 1211 has been studied over γ-Al₂O₃ and supported 0.5% Pd catalysts (Pd/Al₂O₃, Pd/fluorinated Al₂O₃, Pd/AlF₃, Pd/Al₂O₃ pretreated with CH₄ and CHClF₂). The experiments were performed in the temperature range of 443–523 K, in a tubular alumina reactor. The temperature of the reactor was maintained uniformly by a three zone furnace. The reaction products were quantified with a micro gas chromatograph and identified with a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer. The catalysts were characterised with XRD diffractometry and the content of halogen on the catalysts was determined with an ion chromatograph. The measurements were presented in terms of the conversion of halon 1211 and product selectivity, as functions of catalyst type, catalyst time on stream and composition of inlet gases. Transformation of Pd to Pd carbide is observed in the CH₄ treated Pd/Al₂O₃, but not in the CHClF₂ treated Pd/Al₂O₃ in which case Al₂O₃ was partially fluorinated. In the absence of hydrogen, the conversion of halon 1211 over Al₂O₃ and Pd/Al₂O₃ gives a similar product profile and the reactions follow a heterogeneous halogen exchange reaction pathway, which takes place on the positively charged aluminum ions. Introduction of hydrogen has no apparent effect on either halon 1211 conversion level or the product profile during the conversion of halon 1211 over Al₂O₃. Over supported Pd catalysts, major products are hydrogenated species which include CH₂F₂, CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₆, CH₃Br and CHF₃. The most striking feature of the hydrodehalogenation reactions is the increasing CH₂F₂ selectivity with time on stream, especially on Pd/Al₂O₃ and the CH₄ treated Pd/Al₂O₃. The changing selectivity during the catalytic hydrodehalogenation reactions is mainly ascribed to the interaction of support with Pd. 2010-04-27T05:07:31.491Z ]]>