http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/services/Feed ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12899 Background: The obese-asthma phenotype is not well defined. The aim of this study was to examine both mechanical and inflammatory influences, by comparing lung function with body composition and airway inflammation in overweight and obese asthma. Methods: Overweight and obese (BMI 28-40 kg/m2) adults with asthma (n = 44) completed lung function assessment and underwent full-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Venous blood samples and induced sputum were analysed for inflammatory markers. Results: In females, android and thoracic fat tissue and total body lean tissue were inversely correlated with expiratory reserve volume (ERV). Conversely in males, fat tissue was not correlated with lung function, however there was a positive association between android and thoracic lean tissue and ERV. Lower body (gynoid and leg) lean tissue was positively associated with sputum %neutrophils in females, while leptin was positively associated with android and thoracic fat tissue in males. Conclusions: This study suggests that both body composition and inflammation independently affect lung function, with distinct differences between males and females. Lean tissue exacerbates the obese-asthma phenotype in females and the mechanism responsible for this finding warrants further investigation. 2013-05-20T03:53:09.109Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:7737 Dietary intake during childhood and adolescence is of increasing interest due to its influence on adult health, particularly obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. There is a need to develop and validate dietary assessment methods suitable for large epidemiologic studies of children and adolescents. Limited large scale dietary studies of youth have been undertaken in Australia, due partly to the lack of a suitable dietary intake tool. A self-administered, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the 'Australian Child and Adolescent Eating Survey' (ACAES), was developed for youth aged 9-16 years. This study evaluated reproducibility and comparative validity of the ACAES FFQ using assisted food records (FRs) as the reference method. The ACAES FFQ was completed twice (FFQ1 and FFQ2) at an interval of 5 months, along with four one-day assisted FRs. Validity was evaluated by comparing the average of the FRs with FFQ2 (n = 113) as well as with the average of FFQ1 and FFQ2 (n = 101). Reproducibility was evaluated by comparing FFQ1 and FFQ2 (n = 101). The two methods were compared using correlations, Kappa statistics and Bland-Altman plots. Correlation coefficients for comparative validity ranged from 0.03 for retinol to 0.56 for magnesium for transformed, energy-adjusted, deattenuated nutrient data, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.40 for total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, carbohydrate, sugars, riboflavin, vitamin C, folate, beta-carotene, magnesium, calcium and iron. Correlation coefficients for reproducibility ranged from 0.18 for vitamin A to 0.50 for calcium for transformed, energy-adjusted, deattenuated nutrient data. The ACAES FFQ ranked individuals reasonably accurately, with the comparative validity analysis showing that over 50% of participants were classified within one quintile for all nutrients, with only a small percentage grossly misclassified (0-7%). The ACAES FFQ is the first child and adolescent specific FFQ available for ranking the dietary intakes of Australian children and adolescents for a range of nutrients in epidemiologic research and public health interventions. 2013-05-13T04:16:32.266Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12864 Objective: To describe wellbeing and nutrition-related side effects in a group of paediatric oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy, and to examine associations with nutritional status, disease and treatment-related factors. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of patients attending the Sydney (n = 41) or John Hunter Children’s Hospitals (n = 13). Wellbeing was assessed using the Multi-attribute Health Status Classification Scheme (MHSCS) and the Play Performance Scale (PPS). Disease and treatment details were obtained through patient and parent interviews and audit of medical records. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Results: Twenty-four per cent and 33% scored maximum points on the MHSCS and PPS, respectively. Advanced stage of solid tumour or lymphoma was associated with worse MHSCS scores, P = 0.008. Longer time on treatment correlated negatively with PPS scores (r = −0.35; P = 0.030). The most frequent side effects were nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting and changes in taste. While 67% experienced five or more side effects concurrently, the number increased with length of time on treatment (r = 0.38; P = 0.006). Of the 23 patients experiencing five or more side effects, only two had been seen by a dietitian in the previous two months. Conclusion: Nutrition-related side effects are common in children undergoing chemotherapy, with the number of side effects not decreasing over time. While wellbeing scores were generally satisfactory, those with advanced stage of solid tumour or lymphoma, or with longer time on treatment, reported lower scores. We recommend that all paediatric oncology patients are referred for dietetic review, even those in the later stages of treatment, in order to optimise nutritional status and wellbeing. 2013-05-09T06:13:59.330Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12863 This cross-sectional study describes oxidative stress and antioxidant status in 54 pediatric oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy. Plasma 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α(8-iso-PGF2α), vitamins A and E and β-carotene, and erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels were assessed. One-third of the patients (34%) had plasma 8-iso-PGF2α levels higher than the upper limit of the normal range (> 40 ng/mL). The majority (> 80%) had plasma levels of vitamins A and E and β-carotene within the normal range. Superoxide dismutase activity was lower than the reference range (< 2.4 U/mg Hb) in all patients, whereas erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity was lower than the reference range in 46%. Advanced-stage cancer was associated with increased lipid peroxidation but treatment-related factors or use of dietary supplements was not, suggesting that the oxidant-antioxidant balance may be disturbed in a large proportion of this group. Prospective studies would establish whether antioxidant supplementation plays a role in clinical treatment for pediatric oncology patients. 2013-05-09T06:13:02.319Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:10730 Respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are a significant and increasing global health problem. These diseases are characterized by airway inflammation, which develops in response to various stimuli. In asthma, inflammation is driven by exposure to a variety of triggers, including allergens and viruses, which activate components of both the innate and acquired immune responses. In COPD, exposure to cigarette smoke is the primary stimulus of airway inflammation. Activation of airway inflammatory cells leads to the release of excessive quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress. Antioxidants provide protection against the damaging effects of oxidative stress and thus may be useful in the management of inflammatory airways disease. Resveratrol, a polyphenol that demonstrates both antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions, has been shown to improve outcomes in a variety of diseases, in particular, in cancer. We review the evidence for a protective role of resveratrol in respiratory disease. Mechanisms of resveratrol action that may be relevant to respiratory disease are described. We conclude that resveratrol has potential as a therapeutic agent in respiratory disease, which should be further investigated. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 13, 1535–1548. 2012-05-03T04:11:32.409Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:10153 Male infertility is a relatively common condition affecting 1 in 20 men of reproductive age. The etiology of this condition is thought to involve the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species by human spermatozoa; however, the cause of this aberrant activity is unknown. In this study we demonstrate that defective human sperm populations are characterized by high cellular contents of both esterified and unesterified fatty acids and a decrease in the proportion of the total fatty acid pool made up by docosahexaenoic acid. The free unsaturated fatty acid content of these cells was positively correlated with the induction of mitochondrial superoxide generation (P < 0.001). This relationship was causal and mediated by the range of unesterified, unsaturated fatty acids that are present in human spermatozoa. Thus direct exposure of these cells to free unsaturated fatty acids stimulated mitochondrial superoxide generation and precipitated a loss of motility and an increase in oxidative DNA damage, two key attributes of male infertility. We conclude that defective human spermatozoa are characterized by an abnormally high content of fatty acids that, in their unesterified, unsaturated form, promote ROS generation by sperm mitochondria, creating a state of oxidative stress and a concomitant loss of functional competence. 2012-02-24T01:40:04.077Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:7040 Assessing dietary intake in children is difficult and limited validated tools exist. Plasma carotenoids are nutritional biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake and therefore suitable to validate reported dietary intakes. The aim of this study was to examine the comparative validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), completed by parents reporting child fruit and vegetable intake compared to plasma carotenoid concentrations. A sample of children aged 5–12 years (n = 93) from a range of weight categories were assessed. Dietary intake was measured using a 137-item semi-quantitative FFQ. Plasma carotenoids were measured using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Pearson correlation coefficients between reported dietary intake of carotenoids and plasma carotenoid concentrations were strongest after adjustment for BMI (β-carotene (r = 0.56, P < 0.05), α-carotene (r = 0.51, P < 0.001), cryptoxanthin (r = 0.32, P < 0.001)). Significantly lower levels (P < 0.05) of all plasma carotenoids, except lutein, were found among overweight and obese children when compared to healthy weight children. Parental report of children’s carotenoid intakes, using a FFQ can be used to provide a relative validation of fruit and vegetable intake. The lower plasma carotenoid concentrations found in overweight and obese children requires further investigation. 2012-01-30T05:06:23.609Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:6954 Long-chain n-3 PUFA (LCn-3PUFA) including DHA and EPA, are known to decrease inflammation by inhibiting arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism to eicosanoids, decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing immune cell function. The aim of this study was to determine if EPA and DHA reduced the release of inflammatory mediators from airway epithelial cells infected with rhinovirus (RV). Airway epithelial cells (Calu-3) were incubated with EPA, DHA and AA for 24 h, followed by rhinovirus infection for 48 h. IL-6, IL-8 and interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10) released by cells were measured using ELISA. Viral replication was measured by serial titration assays. The fatty acid content of cells was analysed using GC. Cellular viability was determined by visual inspection of cells and lactate dehydrogenase release. DHA (400 μΜ) resulted in a significant 16 % reduction in IL-6 release after RV-43 infection, 29 % reduction in IL-6 release after RV-1B infection, 28 % reduction in IP-10 release after RV-43 infection and 23 % reduction in IP-10 release after RV-1B infection. Cellular DHA content negatively correlated with IL-6 and IP-10 release. None of the fatty acids significantly modified rhinovirus replication. DHA supplementation resulted in increased cellular content of DHA at the cost of AA, which may explain the decreased inflammatory response of cells. EPA and AA did not change the release of inflammatory biomarkers significantly. It is concluded that DHA has a potential role in suppressing RV-induced airway inflammation. 2012-01-30T05:04:58.496Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:6964 The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between plasma n-3 PUFA composition and weight status. A total of 124 adults, stratified by weight status: healthy weight (n 21), overweight (n 40) and obese (n 63) were recruited. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measures and body composition were collected. Plasma fatty acid composition was determined by GC. BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference were inversely correlated with n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA (P<0.05 for all) in the obese group. Obese individuals had significantly lower plasma concentrations of total n-3 PUFA, compared with healthy-weight individuals (4-53 (SD 1.11) v. 5.25 (So 1.43) %). When subjects were pooled and stratified into quartiles of total n-3 PUFA, a significant inverse trend was found for BMI (P=0.002), waist circumference and hip circumference (P=0.01 and P<0.001 respectively). Higher plasma levels of total n-3 PUFA are associated with a healthier BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference. Our findings suggest that n-3 PUFA may play an important role in weight status and abdominal adiposity. 2012-01-30T05:04:39.376Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:606 Exercise has been shown to increase the production of reactive oxygen species to a point that can exceed antioxidant defenses to cause oxidative stress. Dietary intake of antioxidants, physical activity levels, various antioxidants and oxidative stress markers were examined in 20 exercise-trained "athletes" and 20 age- and sex-matched sedentary "controls." Plasma F₂-isoprostanes, antioxidant enzyme activities, and uric acid levels were similar in athletes and sedentary controls. Plasma α-tocopherol and β-carotene were higher in athletes compared with sedentary controls. Total antioxidant capacity tended to be lower in athletes, with a significant difference between male athletes and male controls. Dietary intakes of antioxidants were also similar between groups and well above recommended dietary intakes for Australians. These findings suggest that athletes who consume a diet rich in antioxidants have elevated plasma α-tocopherol and β-carotene that were likely to be brought about by adaptive processes resulting from regular exercise. 2012-01-30T04:33:50.803Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:9675 The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of dietary antioxidant restriction on plasma concentrations of carotenoids and inflammatory markers at rest and in response to exercise in endurance-trained males. Seventeen males performed two exercise trials 2 weeks apart. Participants followed their habitual antioxidant diet (H-AO) before the first exercise test, then a restricted antioxidant diet (R-AO) for 2 weeks before the second exercise test. Blood was collected pre- and post-exercise. Dietary intakes of fibre, ascorbic acid and β-carotene concentrations were lower (P<0.05) on the R-AO diet, but no other differences were observed. Pre-exercise plasma β-carotene concentrations were lower (H-AO, 195 (SD 92); R-AO, 123 (SD 54) ng/ml; P<0.05), and TNF-α concentrations were higher (H-AO, 16 (SD 7); R-AO, 613 (SD 325) pg/ml; P<0.01) on the R-AO diet compared to the H-AO diet. Most plasma carotenoid concentrations decreased with exercise, but this effect was more consistent on the H-AO diet. No differences in plasma IL-6 concentrations were observed pre-exercise, whereas post-exercise plasma IL-6 concentrations (H-AO, 30.3 (SD 16); R-AO, 15.3 (SD 5) pg/ml; P<0.05) were lower following the R-AO diet. Post-exercise TNF-α concentrations were higher on the R-AO diet. Ratings of perceived effort during submaximal exercise were higher (P<0.05) on the R-AO diet, but there was no difference in the time to exhaustion between diets. In conclusion, lower dietary intakes of carotenoids alter the plasma concentrations of antioxidants and markers of inflammation at rest and in response to exercise. 2011-12-09T01:00:15.203Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:9673 The metabolic fate of dietary n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in mammals is currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the extent of conversion of dietary DPA to DHA and EPA in rats. Four groups of male weanling Sprague–Dawley rats (aged 5 weeks) were given 50 mg of DPA, EPA, DHA or oleic acid, daily for 7 d by gavage. At the end of the treatment period, the tissues were analysed for concentrations of long-chain PUFA. DPA supplementation led to significant increases in DPA concentration in all tissues, with largest increase being in adipose (5-fold) and smallest increase being in brain (1·1-fold). DPA supplementation significantly increased the concentration of DHA in liver and the concentration of EPA in liver, heart and skeletal muscle, presumably by the process of retroconversion. EPA supplementation significantly increased the concentration of EPA and DPA in liver, heart and skeletal muscle and the DHA concentration in liver.DHA supplementation elevated the DHA levels in all tissues and EPA levels in the liver. Adipose was the main tissue site for accumulation of DPA, EPA and DHA. These data suggest that dietary DPA can be converted to DHA in the liver, in a short-term study, and that in addition it is partly retroconverted to EPA in liver, adipose, heart and skeletal muscle. Future studies should examine the physiological effect of DPA in tissues such as liver and heart. 2011-12-09T01:00:11.566Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:9366 Dietary ω-3 fatty acid deficiency can lead to hypertension in later life; however, hypertension is affected by numerous other dietary factors. We examined the effect of altering the dietary protein level on blood pressure in animals deficient or sufficient in ω-3 fatty acids. Female rats were placed on one of four experimental diets 1 week prior to mating. Diets were either deficient (10% safflower oil; DEF) or sufficient (7% safflower oil, 3% flaxseed oil; SUF) in ω-3 fatty acids and contained 20 or 30% casein (DEF20, SUF20, DEF30, SUF30). Offspring were maintained on the maternal diet for the duration of the experiment. At 12, 18, 24, and 30 weeks, blood pressure was assessed by tail cuff plethysmography. At both 12 and 18 weeks of age, no differences in blood pressure were observed based on diet, however, by 24 weeks hypertension was evident in DEF30 animals; there were no blood pressure differences between the other groups. This hypertension in DEF30 group was increased at 30 weeks, with systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure all elevated. These results indicate that the hypertension previously attributed to ω-3 fatty acid deficiency is dependent on additional dietary factors, including protein content. Furthermore, this study is the first to plot the establishment of ω-3 fatty acid deficiency hypertension over time. 2011-11-14T00:50:09.505Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:8642 Macadamia is an evergreen native rainforest tree originating from the Australian east coast. The survival of these trees in their natural habitat was threatened when the land was cleared for agricultural use in the mid-1800s. However, commercial cultivation of the macadamia nut through the establishment of plantations in the 1870s ensured its survival, and today macadamia is Australia’s only indigenous, commercially grown food crop. By the 1890s, the macadamia nut had been introduced to some regions of the United States, such as Hawaii, where hybridization and cloning developed different varieties, such as Cates, Beaumont’s, and James, turning the nut into a valuable commercial crop. In addition to Australia and Hawaii, the tree is now also cultivated as a food crop in California, Florida, New Zealand, southern Africa, and parts of South and Central America. In Australia, there are at least five species of macadamia trees, but only two produce edible nuts and are grown as a food crop. They are Macadamia integrifolia (smooth shelled), which contains 80% oil and 4% sugar, and Macadamia tetraphylla (rough shelled) with an oil content which ranges from 65% to 75% and a sugar content of 6% to 8%. M. integrifolia is the species most commonly grown for its crops of nuts. This chapter focuses on the nutrient composition and health benefits of consuming macadamia nuts as part of a healthy diet. 2011-08-16T04:30:09.504Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:8053 Rhinovirus infection results in increased release of inflammatory mediators from airway epithelial cells in asthma. As an antioxidant, lycopene offers protection from adverse effects of inflammation. The aim of this study was to find an appropriate method of lycopene enrichment of airway epithelial cells and to determine the effects of lycopene enrichment on the inflammatory response of cells infected by rhinovirus or exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Lycopene enrichment of airway epithelial cells using solubilisation in tetrahydrofuran versus incorporation in liposomes was compared. After determining that solubilisation of lycopene in tetrahydrofuran was the most suitable method of lycopene supplementation, airway epithelial cells (Calu-3) were incubated with lycopene (dissolved in tetrahydrofuran) for 24 h, followed by rhinovirus infection or lipopolysaccharide exposure for 48 h. The release of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and interferon-gamma induced protein-10 (IP-10) and their messenger RNA levels were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Viral replication was measured by tissue culture infective dose of 50% assay. Lycopene concentration of cells and media were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Preincubation of airway epithelial cells with lycopene (dissolved in tetrahydrofuran) delivered lycopene into the cells and resulted in a 24% reduction in interleukin-6 after rhinovirus-1B infection, 31% reduction in IP-10 after rhinovirus-43 infection and 85% reduction in rhinovirus-1B replication. Lycopene also decreased the release of IL-6 and IP-10 following exposure to lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that lycopene has a potential role in suppressing rhinovirus induced airway inflammation. 2011-07-04T06:30:03.792Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:2922 Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma. Recently discovered F2-isoprostanes, of which 8-iso-PGF₂α is the most well-known isomer, have emerged as the most reliable marker of in vivo oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine 8-iso-PGF₂α as a biomarker of oxidative stress in mild asthma in relation to endogenous and dietary antioxidant protection. Total (free and esterified) plasma 8-iso-PGF₂α, plasma dietary antioxidants (vitamins E and C,β-carotene, Zn, and Se), and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) were measured in 15 mild asthmatics and 15 age-and sex-matched controls. Total plasma 8-iso-PGF₂α levels [median (quartile 1-quartile 3)] were significantly increased in the sthmatics [213 pg/mL (122–455) vs. 139 pg/mL (109–174), P=0.042]. The 8-iso-PGF₂α levels were found to be associated with clinical asthma severity (P=0.044) and inhaled corticosteroid use (P=0.027) in asthmatics. No differences were observed in the plasma dietary antioxidant vitamins. The asthmatics had significantly lower plasma levels of Zn (P=0.027) and Se (P=0.006). Plasma Se correlated negatively with 8-iso-PGF₂α (r=−0.725, P=0.002). No differences between the groups were observed for glutathione peroxidase or superoxide dismutase, however, superoxide dismutase activity was negatively associated with asthma severity (P=0.042). In conclusion, oxidative stress is increased in mild asthmatics, as reflected by increased plasma levels of 8-iso-PGF₂α and a deficiency in plasma Zn and Se. The isoprostane 8-iso-PGF₂α may provide a useful tool in intervention studies aimed at improving clinical status in asthma. 2011-06-14T01:50:01.802Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:7759 Existence of gender differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) following long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3 PUFA) supplementation have suggested that sex hormones play a role in cardio-protection. The objective of this study was to determine gender specific responses in the efficacy of LCn-3 PUFA to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro. Blood was analyzed for collagen-induced platelet aggregation following pre-incubation with LCn-3 PUFA in healthy adults (n=42). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was significantly more effective in reducing platelet aggregation compared with docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). When grouped by gender, this differential pattern was followed in males only. In females, DHA, DPA and EPA were all equally effective. Between group analyses (LCn-3 PUFA vs. gender) showed that both DHA and DPA were significantly less effective in males compared with females. EPA was equally effective in reducing platelet aggregation in both groups. These findings show that significant gender differences exist in platelet aggregation in response to various LCn-3 PUFA treatments. 2011-05-20T05:50:31.968Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:7532 Local airway inflammation in chronic respiratory disease is well described. Recently it has been recognised that chronic obstructive respiratory disease, asthma and obstructive sleep apnoea, all involve a systemic inflammatory component. Overspill of airway inflammation, as well as direct metabolic effects, are potential contributors to systemic inflammation. This review will discuss the role of certain types of fatty acids in promoting systemic inflammation, via the innate immune response. Fatty acids are necessary as the key energy source in the body. However, they can be detrimental if present in excess. Various features of respiratory disease lead to altered lipid metabolism, and notably an increase in circulating levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Dietary intake, obesity, hypoxia and smoking, will be discussed as factors promoting an increase in circulating NEFA. While n−3 polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids may be non-(or anti-)inflammatory, saturated and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to stimulate the innate immune response. Thus, increased circulating NEFA may be directly contributing to systemic inflammation, thereby increasing susceptibility of individuals to chronic inflammatory diseases, including respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Finally, the review will discuss how the recognition of NEFA as important inflammatory stimulants in respiratory disease, leads to the possibility that pathways involved in lipid metabolism may provide therapeutic targets. 2011-04-07T03:00:20.768Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:7396 Background: Risk factors of cardiovascular disease such as lipid aberrations, hypertension, abdominal adiposity and elevations in systemic inflammation, are prominent aetiologies in hyperlipidemia. Supplementation with n-3 PUFA is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events through its hypotriglyceridemic, anti-aggregatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Plant sterols have potent hypocholesterolemic properties, although their effect on the inflammatory cascade is uncertain. This study investigated the effect of combined supplementation with n-3 PUFA and plant sterols on cardiovascular risk factors, blood pressure, body composition, markers of systemic inflammation and overall risk, in hyperlipidemic individuals. Methods: The study was a 3-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial design, in four parallel groups. Sixty hyperlipidemic participants were randomised to recieve either sunola oil or 1.4 g/d n-3 PUFA capsules with or without 2 g plant sterols per day. Results: The combination of n-3 PUFA and plant sterols reduced several inflammatory markers. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was reduced by 39% (P = 0.009), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by 10% (P = 0.02), interleukin-6 (IL-6) by 10.7% (P = 0.009), leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) by 29.5% (P = 0.01) and adiponectin was increased by 29.5% (P = 0.05). Overall cardiovascular risk was reduced by 22.6% (P = 0.006) in the combination group. Conclusion: We have demonstrated, for the first time that dietary intervention with n-3 PUFA and plant sterols reduces systemic inflammation in hyperlipidemic individuals. Furthermore, our results suggest that reducing inflammation provides a potential mechanism by which the combination of n-3 PUFA and plant sterols are cardioprotective. 2011-03-16T05:10:21.447Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:7109 Phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids are natural compounds with potential cardiovascular benefits. Phytosterols inhibit cholesterol absorption, thereby reducing total- and LDL cholesterol. A number of clinical trials have established that the consumption of 1.5-2.0 g/day of phytosterols can result in a 10-15% reduction in LDL cholesterol in as short as a 3-week period in hyperlipidemic populations. Added benefits of phytosterol consumption have been demonstrated in people who are already on lipid-lowering medications (statin drugs). On the other hand, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been associated with significant hypotriglyceridemic effects with concurrent modifications of other risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, including platelet function and pro-inflammatory mediators. Recent studies have provided evidence that the combination of phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids may reduce cardiovascular risk in a complementary and synergistic way. This article reviews the health benefits of phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids, alone or in combination with statins, for the treatment/management of hyperlipidemia, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms involved. 2011-02-02T22:40:23.320Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:2245 2010-04-27T06:56:57.932Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:1373 Background: Elevated oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defences are increasingly recognised features of asthma. Carotenoids are potent dietary antioxidants that may protect against asthma by reducing oxidative damage. Objectives: This study aimed firstly, to characterise circulating and airway levels of carotenoids in asthma compared to healthy controls, in relation to dietary intake. Secondly, the study aimed to test whether airway lycopene defences can be improved using oral supplements. Methods: Induced sputum and peripheral blood samples were collected from subjects with asthma (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 16). Dietary carotenoid intakes were estimated using the 24-hour recall method and analysed using a modified version of the Foodworks 210 Nutrient Calculation Software. Another group of healthy controls (n = 9) were supplemented with 20 mg/day lycopene for 4 weeks. Carotenoids (ß-carotene, lycopene, {alpha}-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin) were measured by HPLC. Results: Despite similar dietary intake, whole blood levels of total carotenoids, lycopene, lutein, ß-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene and ß-carotene were significantly lower in asthma than controls. However, there were no differences in plasma or sputum carotenoid levels. Induced sputum carotenoid levels were significantly lower than plasma and whole blood levels, but correlated strongly with plasma levels (r = 0.798, p < 0.001). Although there were no overall increases in either plasma or sputum lycopene levels following supplementation, changes in airway lycopene levels correlated with changes in plasma levels (r = 0.908, p < 0.002). Conclusions: Whole blood, but not plasma or sputum, carotenoid levels are deficient in asthma. Plasma carotenoid levels reflect airway carotenoid levels and when plasma levels are improved using oral supplements this is reflected in the airways. 2010-04-27T06:51:35.363Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:1603 Induced sputum 8-iso-prostaglandin F₂α (PGF₂α) concentrations may be a useful marker of oxidative stress in airways disease. This study examines oxidative stress (measured by 8-iso-PGF₂α) in airway disease according to disease type (asthma and bronchiectasis), disease activity (stable and acute asthma), and disease pattern (intermittent, mild, moderate, and severe persistent asthma). We compared subjects with stable asthma (n = 71) and bronchiectasis (n = 23) with healthy control subjects (n = 29). Another group of patients with asthma (n = 39) were assessed during and after acute exacerbation. Induced sputum 8-iso-PGF₂α concentrations were validated and found to be elevated in subjects with stable asthma and bronchiectasis versus control subjects (median [interquartile range] 216 [103-389] and 698 [264-1,613] ng/L vs. 123 [41-290] ng/L, p < 0.001) and increased as clinical asthma pattern worsened (intermittent 115 [42-153], mild persistent 116 [89-229] ng/L, moderate persistent 183 [110-317] ng/L, severe persistent 387 [102-587] ng/L; p = 0.010). Sputum 8-iso-PGF₂α concentrations were elevated during acute asthma and decreased with recovery (458 [227-950] ng/L vs. 214 [148-304] ng/L, p = 0.0002). We conclude that 8-iso-PGF₂α is involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory airway diseases, being related to disease type, pattern, and activity. Analysis of 8-iso-PGF₂α concentrations in induced sputum provides a useful tool for monitoring oxidative stress and investigating strategies aimed at reducing oxidative stress in airways disease. 2010-04-27T06:28:44.213Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:1656 Purpose: To determine the effect of dietary antioxidant restriction on oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, and exercise performance in athletes. Oxidative stress has been shown to increase during exercise. To alleviate oxidative stress, a high intake of antioxidant rich foods or supplements may be required in trained athletes. Methods: Plasma oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses were examined in 17 trained athletes who underwent two separate exercise tests. Before the initial exercise test participants followed their habitual (high) antioxidant (H-AO) diets. Then they followed a 2-wk restricted-antioxidant (R-AO) diet before the second exercise test. Blood was taken at rest, after submaximal and high-intensity exhaustive exercise, and after 1 h of recovery. Results: The R-AO diet induced a threefold reduction in antioxidant intake when compared with habitual-antioxidant (H-AO) diets. F2-isoprostane concentration (marker of oxidative stress) was significantly higher after submaximal exercise (38%), exhaustion (45%), and 1 h of recovery (31%) when following the R-AO diet compared with the H-AO diet. Rate of perceived exertion was increased on the R-AO diet whilst exercise time to exhaustion was not affected. Total antioxidant capacity and circulating antioxidant concentrations, although not significantly different, tended to be lower when following the R-AO diet. Conclusion: Athletes regularly participating in up to 40 min of acute high-intensity exercise may require higher intakes of exogenous antioxidants to defend against increased oxidative stress during exercise, which can be met through an adequate intake of high-antioxidant foods. Thus, there seems no valid reason to recommend antioxidant supplements to athletes participating in acute high-intensity exercise events up to 40 min in duration, except in those known to be consuming a low-antioxidant diet for prolonged periods. 2010-04-27T06:27:59.524Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:2826 Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with chronic lung infection, inflammation, and elevated indices of oxidative stress. Recently, isoprostanes were shown to be a reliable in vivo marker of oxidant injury with 8-iso-PGF₂α, shown to cause airflow obstruction and plasma exudation in guinea pig lung. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between 8-iso-PGF₂α levels, plasma antioxidants, and clinical status in CF. We hypothesized that plasma 8-iso-PGF₂a levels would be higher in subjects with CF compared to healthy controls. Plasma 8-iso-PGF₂α levels were prospectively measured in 22 subjects with CF and nine healthy controls using an 8-isoprostane enzyme immunoassay kit along with plasma vitamins A, E, and β-carotene. Plasma 8-iso-PGF₂α levels were shown to be significantly elevated in the CF subjects compared to controls (319.6±52.6 vs. 145.0±21.0 pg/ml, P=0.005). Plasma levels of antioxidants were significantly lower for the CF subjects compared to the controls (vitamin A, P<0.003; vitamin E, P<0.001; and β-carotene, P<0.01). This study confirns significantly elevated lipid peroxidation in CF using 8-iso-PGF₂α levels. 2010-04-27T06:12:56.980Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:1803 Background: Oxidative stress, as measured by 8-iso-prostaglandin F₂α (8-iso-PGF₂α), and depleted antioxidant defenses were shown in stable cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The plasma fatty acid status of CF patients was linked to oxidative stress after respiratory exacerbations.Objective: We examined changes in plasma 8-iso-PGF₂α, antioxidant defenses, plasma fatty acid status, and clinical markers resulting from short-term antioxidant supplementation. Design: Forty-six CF patients were randomly assigned to either group A [low dose of supplement (10 mg vitamin E and 500 µg vitamin A)] or group B [high dose of supplement (200 mg vitamin E, 300 mg vitamin C, 25 mg ß-carotene, 90 µg Se, and 500 µg vitamin A)]. Plasma concentrations of 8-iso-PGF2α, vitamins E and C, ß-carotene, zinc, selenium, and copper; plasma fatty acid composition; erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activities; lung function; and dietary intake were measured before and after 8 wk of supplementation. Results: Antioxidant defenses in group B improved, whereas those in group A did not: in groups B and A, the mean (± SEM) changes (Δ) in vitamin E were 10.6 ± 1.5 and -1.9 ± 0.9 µmol/L, respectively (P < 0.001), Δß-carotene were 0.1 ± 0.04 and -0.01 ± 0.02 µmol/L, respectively (P = 0.007), Δselenium were 0.51 ± 0.10 and -0.09 ± 0.04 µmol/L, respectively (P < 0.001), and Δglutathione peroxidase activity were 1.3 ± 0.3 and -0.3 ± 0.6 U/g hemoglobin, respectively (P = 0.016). There were no significant differences between the groups in Δ8-iso-PGF2α, Δvitamin C, Δfatty acid composition, Δsuperoxide dismutase activity, Δlung function, or Δwhite cell count. Within group B, Δß-carotene correlated with Δpercentage of forced vital capacity (r = 0.586, P = 0.005), Δselenium correlated with Δpercentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = 0.440, P = 0.046), and Δplasma fatty acid concentrations correlated with Δpercentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = 0.583, P = 0.006) and Δ8-iso-PGF2α (r = 0.538, P = 0.010). Conclusions: Whereas increased ß-carotene, selenium, and fatty acid concentrations are linked to improved lung function, increased plasma fatty acid concentrations are linked to oxidative stress. If oxidative stress is deemed to be important to the clinical outcome of CF patients, means of reducing oxidative stress while maintaining a high-fat, high-energy diet must be investigated. 2010-04-27T06:11:07.647Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:1694 2010-04-27T06:10:45.947Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:1145 Objective: To examine oxidative stress in CF by measuring 8-iso-PGF2α and antioxidant defenses, in relation to dietary intake, immune function and clinical status. Methods: We measured total plasma concentrations of 8-iso-PGF2α and dietary antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, ß-carotene), erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), lung function and dietary intake in 21 CF subjects and 21 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. Results: Total plasma 8-iso-PGF2α concentration (median [quartile 1–quartile 3]) was significantly higher in CF subjects compared to controls (214 pg/mL (155–331) vs. 135 pg/mL (101–168), p=0.001). Neutrophil, monocyte and total white cell counts were elevated in the CF group and these correlated with 8-iso-PGF2α concentration. Despite similar dietary intake, lower plasma antioxidant concentrations were observed in the CF group (vitamin E, p < 0.001, vitamin C, p=0.004, ß-carotene, p=0.001). 8-iso-PGF2α correlated negatively with plasma vitamin E, C and ß-carotene concentrations. Conclusion: Oxidative stress is increased in CF patients, despite normal dietary antioxidant intake. The immune response appears to be a key factor causing oxidative stress. Antioxidant intervention aimed at reducing oxidative stress in CF needs to be assessed. 2010-04-27T06:05:55.118Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:660 Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most commonly occurring lethal autosomal recessive disorder. The gene defect causes defective sodium and chloride transport across epithelial cells of the respiratory, hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts, resulting in thick mucus secretions. In the respiratory tract, mucus traps bacteria, causing repeated lung infections, progressive bronchiectasis and eventual death due to respiratory failure. In the gastrointestinal tract, mucus prevents pancreatic enzymes reaching the gut, leading to nutrient malabsorption. Careful nutritional management has a dramatic effect on growth and survival rates in CF. Appropriate nutritional support includes pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, a high-fat/high-energy diet and essential nutrient supplementation, specifically fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids (EFA). Long-term studies are required to examine the effects of nutritional interventions on key clinical outcomes in CF, such as the rate of decline of lung function. The use of circulating markers to assess the influence of nutritional therapy allows short-term intervention studies to predict the potential for clinical improvements. This article provides an overview of the biomarkers useful in the prediction of the efficacy of nutritional therapy on improvements in quality and quantity of life in CF. 2010-04-27T05:42:25.038Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:652 Induced sputum 8-iso-prostaglandin F-2alpha (PGF(2alpha)) concentrations may be a useful marker of oxidative stress in airways disease. This study examines oxidative stress (measured by 8-iso-PGF(2alpha)) in airway disease according to disease type (asthma and bronchiectasis), disease activity (stable and acute asthma), and disease pattern (intermittent, mild, moderate, and severe persistent asthma). We compared subjects with stable asthma (n = 71) and bronchiectasis (n = 23) with healthy control subjects (n = 29). Another group of patients with asthma (n = 39) were assessed during and after acute exacerbation. Induced sputum 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) concentrations were validated and found to be elevated in subjects with stable asthma and bronchiectasis versus control subjects (median [interquartile range] 216 [103-389] and 698 [264-1,613] ng/L vs. 123 [41-290] ng/L, p < 0.001) and increased as clinical asthma pattern worsened (intermittent 115 [42-153], mild persistent 116 [89-229] ng/L, moderate persis tent 183 [110-317] ng/L, severe persistent 387 [102-587] ng/L; p = 0.010). Sputum 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) concentrations were elevated during acute asthma and decreased with recovery (458 [227-950] ng/L vs. 214 [148-304] ng/L, p = 0.0002). We conclude that 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) is involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory airway diseases, being related to disease type, pattern, and activity. Analysis of 8-isoPGF(2alpha) concentrations in induced sputum provides a useful tool for monitoring oxidative stress and investigating strategies aimed at reducing oxidative stress in airways disease. 2010-04-27T05:42:16.086Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:616 Nonesterified FA (NEFA) are a major fuel source for humans at rest and during moderate exercise. The effect of dietary antioxidant restriction on plasma NEFA levels and exercise performance in trained athletes was examined. Seventeen athletes followed a 2-wk restricted-antioxidant (R-AO) diet, which resulted in a threefold reduction in antioxidant intake (ascorbic acid, 139 to 49 mg; β-carotene, 5093 to 1142 μ g) and a significant (P= 0.001) reduction in the plasma NEFA. The amount and types of fat consumed were not different between the R-AO and habitual diets. Exercise time to exhaustion was not affected by the R-AO diet, but rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly (P= 0.03) elevated. The increase in RPE may have occurred as a result of the R-AO diet and subsequent reduction in plasma NEFA; however, further research is required to confirm this conclusion. 2010-04-27T05:41:21.456Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:643 Purpose: To determine the effect of dietary antioxidant restriction on oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, and exercise performance in athletes. Oxidative stress has been shown to increase during exercise. To alleviate oxidative stress, a high intake of antioxidant rich foods or supplements may be required in trained athletes. Methods: Plasma oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses were examined in 17 trained athletes who underwent two separate exercise tests. Before the initial exercise test participants followed their habitual (high) antioxidant (H-AO) diets. Then they followed a 2-wk restricted-antioxidant (R-AO) diet before the second exercise test. Blood was taken at rest, after submaximal and high-intensity exhaustive exercise, and after 1 h of recovery. Results: The R-AO diet induced a threefold reduction in antioxidant intake when compared with habitual-antioxidant (H-AO) diets. F-2-isoprostane concentration (marker of oxidative stress) was significantly higher after submaximal exercise (38%), exhaustion (45%), and 1 h of recovery (31%) when following the R-AO diet compared with the H-AO diet. Rate of perceived exertion was increased on the R-AO diet whilst exercise time to exhaustion was not affected. Total antioxidant capacity and circulating antioxidant concentrations, although not significantly different, tended to be lower when following the R-AO diet. Conclusion: Athletes regularly participating in up to 40 min of acute high-intensity exercise may require higher intakes of exogenous antioxidants to defend against increased oxidative stress during exercise, which can be met through an adequate intake of high-antioxidant foods. Thus, there seems no valid reason to recommend antioxidant supplements to athletes participating in acute high-intensity exercise events up to 40 min in duration, except in those known to be consuming a low-antioxidant diet for prolonged periods. 2010-04-27T05:38:02.502Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:4637 Fish oils rich in (n-3) long-chain PUFA(LCPUFA) can reduce circulating triglycerides and raise HDL-cholesterol. Phytosterols have been shown to reduce total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in normocholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic populations. We investigated the combined effects of phytosterols and (n-3) LCPUFA on plasma lipid profile in hyperlipidemic individuals. This study was a 3-wk randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 x 2 factorial trial in 4 parallel groups of 60 hyperlipidemic individuals. Subjects were randomized to receive either sunola oil or 1.4 g/d (n-3) LCPUFA capsules with or without 2 g phytosterols per day while maintaining their habitual diet. The combination of phytosterols and (n-3) LCPUFA reduced plasma total cholesterol by 13.3% (P = 0.001), which differed from (n-3) LCPUFA alone (P<0.001). LDL-cholesterol concentrations followed the same pattern as that of plasma cholesterol with a 12.5% decrease (P = 0.002) in the combination group. The HDL-cholesterol concentration was increased by (n-3) LCPUFA (7.1%; P = 0.01) alone and in combination with phytosterols (8.6%; P = 0.04), whereas phytosterol treatment alone had no effect. Plasma triglyceride concentration was lowered by (n-3) LCPUFA (22.3%; P = 0.004) alone and in combination with phytosterols (25.9%; P = 0.005), whereas phytosterol treatment alone had no effect. In conclusion, the combined supplementation with phytosterols and (n-3) LCPUFA has both synergistic and complementary lipid-lowering effects in hyperlipidemic men and women. 2010-04-27T05:32:14.048Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:4852 Antioxidant-rich diets are associated with reduced asthma prevalence. However, direct evidence that altering intake of antioxidant-rich foods affects asthma is lacking. The objective was to investigate changes in asthma and airway inflammation resulting from a low antioxidant diet and subsequent use of lycopene-rich treatments. Asthmatic adults (n = 32) consumed a low antioxidant diet for 10 days, then commenced a randomized, cross-over trial involving 3 x 7 day treatment arms (placebo, tomato extract (45 mg lycopene/day) and tomato juice (45 mg lycopene/day). With consumption of a low antioxidant diet, plasma carotenoid concentrations decreased, Asthma Control Score worsened, %FEV₁ and %FVC decreased and %sputum neutrophils increased. Treatment with both tomato juice and extract reduced airway neutrophil influx. Treatment with tomato extract also reduced sputum neutrophil elastase activity. In conclusion, dietary antioxidant consumption modifies clinical asthma outcomes. Changing dietary antioxidant intake may be contributing to rising asthma prevalence. Lycopene-rich supplements should be further investigated as a therapeutic intervention. 2010-04-27T05:00:21.337Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:4822 Increased content of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) in cellular membranes results in increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants such as lycopene prevent lipid peroxidation and oxidative degradation. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of LCn-3PUFA supplementation on lycopene levels in cultured airway epithelial cells. Airway epithelial cells (Calu-3) were incubated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lycopene-DHA and lycopene-EPA for 24 h. The fatty acid incorporation into the cells was analyzed using gas chromatography. Intracellular lycopene concentration was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. It was found that EPA (10.6%) and DHA (19.5%) were incorporated into Calu-3 cells. It was also found that increased incorporation of DHA (and to a lesser extent EPA) resulted in decreased intracellular lycopene levels. These findings suggest that supplementation with LCn-3PUFA increases the cellular need for antioxidants. 2010-04-27T05:00:03.618Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:4850 Background & aims: Antioxidant status is disturbed in asthma. Measurement of both oxidized and reduced forms of antioxidants provides important information regarding the oxidant/antioxidant balance. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of key antioxidants (α-tocopherol and glutathione) in asthma, by measuring the oxidized and reduced forms, in the airways (induced sputum) and systemically (peripheral blood). Methods: This cross-sectional study examines stable asthmatics (n=44) and healthy controls (n=31) recruited through John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia. We collected peripheral blood and induced sputum during hypertonic saline challenge. α-tocopherol and α-tocopherol quinone were measured by HPLC. Total glutathione and glutathione disulfide were determined by a colorimetric assay. Results: Plasma α-tocopherol was low in asthma versus controls. Subjects with asthma had higher levels of whole blood α-tocopherol quinone and %α-tocopherol quinone than controls and %α-tocopherol quinone correlated with asthma control (p=0.009). Sputum supernatant levels of total, reduced and oxidized glutathione were elevated in asthma versus controls. Oxidized glutathione in sputum supernatant negatively correlated with FEV₁/FVC% (p=0.029). 2010-04-27T04:59:30.143Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:4870 Objective: Inflammation and iron deficiency are two important causes of anemia. Magnesium intake is inversely associated with inflammation. However, little is known as to whether magnesium intake is related to anemia. We assessed the joint association of magnesium and iron intake with anemia among Chinese adults. Methods: A cross-sectional household survey of 2849 men and women 20 y of age or older was conducted in 2002. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 3-d weighed food records. Serum ferritin and hemoglobin concentrations were measured. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 18.3% in men and 31.5% in women. Magnesium and iron intakes were positively associated with hemoglobin levels and inversely related to the prevalence of anemia. The risks of anemia were reduced by 26% (P for trend=0.03) and 52% (P<0.01), respectively, for iron and magnesium intake comparing the fourth quartile with the first with adjustment for potential confounders. The lowest risk of anemia was observed among participants with the highest intakes of magnesium and iron (odds ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.31–0.68). The inverse association of iron intake and anemia but not the association of magnesium intake and anemia was modified by serum ferritin levels. The observed relations were not appreciably modified by gender. 2010-04-27T04:59:22.743Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:3869 Athersoclerosis is characterized by the development of foam cells from mononuclear phagocytes, which progress to become fatty streaks and further into plaque in the arterial intima. It has long been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the plasma transport protein for cholesterol, are downregulated by the cellular concentration of cholesterol and therefore are unlikely to be the initiator of the development of foam cells, latty streaks, or atherosclerosis. It is clear that the development of loam cells is due to an altered state of metabolism and one of the most popular hypotheses for the development of foam cells from the mononuclear phagocytes is via an oxidative modification of the LDL molecule. This modification allows unregulated uptake of oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) by the phagocyte scavenger receptor and through this process the development into the foam cell. There is much evidence in the literature to support this hypothesis. It is unlikely that the oxidative modification of the LDL is an initiator of foam cell development. Therelore it is unlikely that oxidation is the initiator for the development of atherosclerosis. Clearly there is a role for the oxidative process in the ongoing proliferation of atherosclerosis; however, the evidence to date does not support oxidation as essential to the initiation of the process of atherosclerotic development. 2010-04-27T04:53:06.711Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:3868 Athersoclerosis is characterized by the development of foam cells from mononuclear phagocytes, which progress to become fatty streaks and further into plaque in the arterial intima. It has long been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the plasma transport protein for cholesterol, are downregulated by the cellular concentration of cholesterol and therefore are unlikely to be the initiator of the development of foam cells, latty streaks, or atherosclerosis. It is clear that the development of loam cells is due to an altered state of metabolism and one of the most popular hypotheses for the development of foam cells from the mononuclear phagocytes is via an oxidative modification of the LDL molecule. This modification allows unregulated uptake of oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) by the phagocyte scavenger receptor and through this process the development into the foam cell. There is much evidence in the literature to support this hypothesis. It is unlikely that the oxidative modification of the LDL is an initiator of foam cell development. Therelore it is unlikely that oxidation is the initiator for the development of atherosclerosis. Clearly there is a role for the oxidative process in the ongoing proliferation of atherosclerosis; however, the evidence to date does not support oxidation as essential to the initiation of the process of atherosclerotic development. 2010-04-27T04:53:05.047Z ]]> http://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:5567 Reduced long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been reported in adult patients suffering from depression and bipolar disorder (BD). LCn-3PUFA status has not previously been examined in children and adolescents with BD compared with healthy controls. Fifteen children and adolescents (9–18 years, M ± SD = 14.4 ± 3.48) diagnosed with juvenile bipolar disorder (JBD) and fifteen healthy age and sex-matched controls were assessed for dietary intake and fasting red blood cell (RBC) membrane concentrations of LCn-3PUFA. Fatty acid concentrations were compared between participants diagnosed with JBD and controls after controlling for dietary intake. RBC membrane concentrations of EPA and DHA were not significantly lower in participants diagnosed with JBD compared with healthy controls (M ± sem EPA = 3.37 ± 0.26 vs. 3.69 ± 0.27 µg/mL, P = 0.458; M ± sem DHA = 22.08 ± 2.23 vs. 24.61 ± 2.38 µg/mL, P = 0.528) after controlling for intake. Red blood cell DHA was negatively (r = -0.55; P = 0.044) related to clinician ratings of depression. Although lower RBC concentrations of LCn-3PUFA were explained by lower intakes in the current study, previous evidence has linked reduced LCn-3PUFA to the aetiology of BD. As RBC DHA was also negatively related to symptoms of depression, a randomised placebo-controlled study examining supplementation with LCn-3PUFA as an adjunct to standard pharmacotherapy appears warranted in this patient population. 2010-04-27T04:45:51.380Z ]]>