Yield surfaces for unsaturated soils are inevitably non-convex if the size of the yield surface has to increase with increasing suction. An expanding yield surface with increasing suction is crucial for modelling the volume collapse due to wetting. The non-convexity always exists at the transition between saturated and unsaturated states, irrespective of the stress variables used in the model. Some recent models for unsaturated soils also possess a stress path dependent hardening law. The non-convexity and stress-path dependency of the constitutive model make the implementation into finite element codes very challenging. This paper discusses aspects of stress integration schemes for non-convex and stress-path dependent models for unsaturated soils.
Relation
First European Conference on Unsaturated Soils (E-Unsat 2008). Unsaturated Soils: Advances in Geo-Engineering: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Unsaturated Soils, E-Unsat 2008 (Durham, UK 2-4 July, 2008) p. 705-711