My theme in this chapter is the relationship between theory and practice in traditional Tibetan medicine. Here "theory" refers primarily to the Gyu Shi or "Four [Medical] Tantras," the basic Tibetan medical texts, but also to Western presentations of Tibetan medicine. which are largely based on the Gyu Shi as interpreted by contemporary Tibetan doctors. "Practice" refers mainly to observations by myself and Linda Connor during field research in Northern India with two Tibetan refugee medical clinics and their patients between June and August 1996.